COMBINED SERIES AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS SUBJECT TO INDIVIDUAL VERSUS OVERARCHING DEFENSE AND ATTACK

A system of components can be in series, parallel, or combined series/parallel. The components and system are protected individually and overarchingly by a defender, and attacked individually and overarchingly by an attacker. Both layers of protection have to be breached for an attack to be successful. Each component, and the system as a whole, have vulnerabilities determined by individual and overarching protection and attack. The agents choose their effort variables simultaneously and independently to maximize their utilities. Each component and the system have unit costs of protection and attack, and a contest intensity. We show for both the parallel and series systems that the defender always prefers overarching and individual protection and attack, while the attacker always prefers individual protection and attack. Analytical expressions are developed for the agents' effort variables, each individual component's vulnerability, and the system vulnerability. The expenditure ratio, between individual protection and attack, and overarching protection and attack, is shown to increase in the number of components for the parallel system, and decrease in the number of components for the series system. Special cases are considered and interpreted. Comparisons are made with only individual protection and attack. The model is applicable to determine how the defender and attacker should strike the balance between choosing efforts to protect and attack components individually versus overarchingly.

A Sustainability Analysis of the Common Transport Policy

This article reviews the sustainability of the Common Transport Policy by reference to accessibility, equity and environmental protection. It starts by considering those concepts underpinning the policy, and then goes on to consider the detail of land transport legislation. That the policy generally lacks a clear purpose is one of its most striking problems. Even those principles that do guide it, relating to profitable business and public service, mobility and accessibility, and the overarching protection of free movement, are not coherently recognised, let alone balanced sustainably. This lack of balance and purpose is reflected in the legislation constituting the policy, legislation that often attempts to do much in the combat of pollution or the promotion of road-transport alternatives to achieve a sustainable system. The review of the sustainability of the legislation shows that the revolution of thought implied by the sustainable development concept is not undertaken and that the Union is some way from achieving a sustainable transport policy.