Terapia miofuncional orofacial. Marco histórico

Es necesario precisar el contexto histórico de la profesión de Fonoaudiología. Los orígenes de ésta, acontecen en países desarrollados como Estados Unidos y España. En EE.UU. en el año 1850, se inicia el reconocimiento de la profesión con la identificación de problemas de fluidez en médicos norteamericanos, siendo hasta el año 1872 que se reconoce formalmente como la profesión de patólogos del habla y del lenguaje, debido al interés por la rehabilitación comunicativa. En este mismo año, Alexander Graham Bell diseña un método conocido como “Visible Speech” el cual indicaba la posición de los órganos fonoarticuladores en la producción de los sonidos con el fin de detectar y abordar dificultades articulatorias. Por otro lado, en el periodo de 1975-2000 se realizó la llamada “Revolución pragmática” la cual reformula e incluye las prácticas comunicativas, teniendo en cuenta el contexto de los usuarios con desórdenes de la comunicación, ampliando la intervención más allá del modelo biológico (Dottor, 2015; Felson, 2011).

BAHASA RUPA KOMIK BLACK METAL ISTIQOMAH PADA POS INSTAGRAM (TOKOH VAROKAH DAN SETAN)

Achmad Deptian Djenuari Rizky is an Indonesian illustrator who carries emotional black metal themes, horror, and grim spiritual values ​​of western black metal or heavy metal in the style of his illustrations. In Black Metal Istiqomah's post Instagram upload series, Deptian raised Islamic spiritual values, propaganda values, and local values ​​that were paired with a visual theme of the expression of the flow of black metal music. Elements of black metal expression that are aggressive and tend to be rebellious with subtle Islamic values ​​and polite Islamic characteristics are two contrasting elements. The purpose of this study is to discuss the expressions and stories of each object using the Tabrani’s visual language method. The discussion on how to use speech and expressions so that it becomes visual language that can be told based on visible speech, is used to reveal which position is the element of emphasis between Islamic values ​​and thematic black metal in the visual style it carries. In Deptian's Black Metal Istiqomah Instagram post, a version of the Varokah character story with a devil character, Satan's wage is described as having a dominant portion in the frame and has a reference to the demonic illustration in European satanism.

Engaging the Articulators Enhances Perception of Concordant Visible Speech Movements

Purpose This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception. Method Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under 3 experimental conditions: (a) normal (baseline) and while holding either (b) a bite block or (c) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory–visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on their mandibular (English /ɛ/–/æ/) or labial (English /u/–French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel production–like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in target (movement end point) mouth shapes. Conclusions These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production prime premotor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9911846

Engaging the articulators engages perception of visible speech movements

Purpose: This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception.Method: Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under three experimental conditions: (1) normal (baseline) and while holding either (2) a bite block or (3) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory-visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on either their mandibular (English /ɛ/-/æ/) or labial (English /u/-French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically-articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results: Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel-production-like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in “target” (movement end-point) mouth shapes.Conclusions: These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production “prime” pre-motor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements.

Non-native Listeners Benefit Less from Gestures and Visible Speech than Native Listeners During Degraded Speech Comprehension

Native listeners benefit from both visible speech and iconic gestures to enhance degraded speech comprehension (Drijvers & Ozyürek, 2017). We tested how highly proficient non-native listeners benefit from these visual articulators compared to native listeners. We presented videos of an actress uttering a verb in clear, moderately, or severely degraded speech, while her lips were blurred, visible, or visible and accompanied by a gesture. Our results revealed that unlike native listeners, non-native listeners were less likely to benefit from the combined enhancement of visible speech and gestures, especially since the benefit from visible speech was minimal when the signal quality was not sufficient.