OXTR Gene DNA Methylation Levels Are Associated with Discounting Behavior with Untrustworthy Proposers

Individual differences in temporal and probabilistic discounting are associated with a wide range of life outcomes in literature. Traditional approaches have focused on impulsiveness and cognitive control skills, on goal-oriented personality traits as well as on the psychological perception of time. More recently, literature started to consider the role of social and contextual factors in discounting behavior. Between others, higher generalized trust in human beings and specific trust in people who will deliver the future/probabilistic rewards have been related to a stronger willingness to wait and to assume risk. Moreover, the tendency to trust others has been associated with the oxytocin receptor gene regulation that can be modified by life experiences. In this perspective, we hypothesized that differences in the tendency to wait and to take risks for a more desirable reward according to the proposer’s trustworthiness could be related to a different level of DNA methylation at the oxytocin receptor gene. Findings confirmed that participants are less willing to wait and to risk when the proposer is considered highly untrustworthy and revealed how higher oxytocin receptor gene DNA methylation is associated with a stronger effect due to the presence of an untrustworthy proposer. Limits and future directions are outlined.

Visual Duration but Not Numerosity Is Distorted While Running

There is increasing evidence that action and perception interact in the processing of magnitudes such as duration and numerosity. Sustained physical exercise (such as running or cycling) increases the apparent duration of visual stimuli presented during the activity. However, the effect of exercise on numerosity perception has not yet been investigated. Here, we asked participants to make either a temporal or a numerical judgment by comparing the duration or numerosity of standard stimuli displayed at rest with those presented while running. The results support previous reports in showing that physical activity significantly expands perceived duration; however, it had no effect on perceived numerosity. Furthermore, the distortions of the perceived durations vanished soon after the running session, making it unlikely that physiological factors such as heart rate underlie the temporal distortion. Taken together, these results suggest a domain-selective influence of the motor system on the perception of time, rather than a general effect on magnitude.

ROUTINE VS. ROUTINIZATION IN A. BIERCE’S STORY «AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL CREEK BRIDGE»

The article introduces a phenomenological approach to the analysis of A. Bierce’s story «An occurrence at Owl creek bridge». The category of routine is studied within the frames of Husserl’s interpretation of transcendental inter-subjectivity according to which «realized experience» is presented on two levels. The first is connected with a single flood of consciousness, and, to be more precise,with a possible perception of a single ego-subject. In the story it is Peyton Farquhar. The second represents the constructed unity of a higher level and is a multitude of subjects which are in a state of agreement and mutual understanding. These are soldiers and officers of the Unionist Army, who are involved into the procedure of a hanging which acquires the status of a ritualized routine, daily occurrence. Bierce’s approach to routinization of death is explicitly ironic. Irony is applied on both stylistic and linguistic levels. On linguistic level it is used as traditional incompatibility between what is said and what is meant. On stylistic one– it accentuates the contrast between textual reality and its possible perception by reading audience. This contrast is also revealed through the opposition of two temporal layers – physical and psychological. The first has system forming narrative function, and the latter – system differentiating one. These two levels have a cross-section – internal existential perception of time and space by the person condemned to the execution and his temporal victory over death. At the same time the narrative mechanism of probing deep into the main character’s state of mind is being analysed. This mechanism helps the writer to express implicitly his real attitude to this «occurrence», which reflected paradoxality of civil conflict. On the one hand, it is an attempt to routinize the execution of enemies, on the other, – futile desire to return to the routine.

THE RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE

Article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities and importance of the development of perceptual abilities of children studying in primary school. First of all, the concept of perception, classification and properties are considered for further understanding of the topic. The article includes a comparison of perception by age groups and shows by the example of an experiment how much perception skills affect the lives of primary school children. The peculiarities of the psyche of children aged 7-10 years, such as concentration time, attentiveness, perception of time, were taken into account. Basically, the article touches on certain types of perceptual abilities, such as visual and auditory perceptions. These types of perception skills are of the greatest importance in the development of children.

Music, Evolution, and the Experience of Time

This chapter explores the psychological structure and perception of time in music in light of recent theoretical discussion and proposals for specific features of the human faculty for music—qualities that are at once universally present and operational in music across cultures whilst also being unique to our species and to the domain of music. The author contends that music’s architectural foundations—configurations of musical pulse, musical tone, and musical motivation—provide a sustained attentional structure for managing personal experience and interpersonal interaction and offer a continually renewing phenomenological link between the immediate past, the perceptual present and future expectation. A crucial and distinguishing feature of our experience with music is thus the particular way in which we share intersubjective time and enact and create an extended moment by constantly merging from one perceptual present into the next.

On the Creative Process

The scenic experiment Silence of the World brought together indigenous leader Ailton Krenak and performer Andreia Duarte. The show deeply explored the perception of time in mythology as a space for reinventing the world and evoked the recognition of humans as just another planetary species alongside so-called nonhumans: animals, rivers, mountains, plants, and everything that exists. Silence of the World drew attention to indigenous peoples who connect with the living organism that is the planet.

Get In and Get Out: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Emotional Health of Home Care Workers

This research explores the emotional health of home care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus pandemic. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 home care workers in the fall of 2020. Thematic analysis revealed important connections between emotional health and success on the job. Perception of time and appreciation emerged as key elements that impacted emotional health. HCWs expressed the pressure to perform as usual while simultaneously taking on extra tasks as distracting from direct client care and reinforcing a task-oriented care approach. As a result of these tensions, HCWs experienced a loss of appreciation by the client, who prioritized personal safety and a “get in and get out” attitude, leaving the HCW feeling less fulfilled in their work. Implications of this research highlight the importance of HCW emotional health needs when retaining HCWs as valuable members of the long-term care workforce is paramount.

Deykticheskiye elementy so znacheniyemvremeni v yazyke i tekste

The deictic elements of time in language and text. Time is an abstract category, but it is closely related to human beings. The perception of time may vary depending on the linguistic, social and cultural environment. That is why it is so important to pay special attention to the diversity of the perceptions of time when learning a foreign language. In this article, we explore deictic elements with the meaning of time in the discourse of Russian artistic and publicist magazines. The material of the study were texts published in copies of the «Novy Mir» magazine at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In the cognitive approach, text is viewed as a discourse and time is one of the key concepts behind this discourse. As the discourse develops, several deictic centres are formed, and non-temporal words become secondary deictic elements. The results of this study may be used in teaching Russian as a foreign language, in particular in teaching reading at an advanced level of learning Russian as a foreign language, as well as in courses on translation or historical interpretation of text. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, discourse, temporal deixis, secondary deixis, discursive deixis

Desarticulación de la máquina antropológica en “Axolotl” de Julio Cortázar.

RESUMEN: La literatura de Julio Cortázar ha expresado en diversos momentos la cuestión animal, dando constancia de su habilidad para exponer la percepción del tiempo animal, su espacio, su campo visual, su umwelt, el medio del animal (vox Uexküll). En este artículo se analiza la obra “Axolotl” (1956), como pieza crucial de las preocupaciones de Cortázar en su búsqueda por confrontar la máquina antropológica, vista como la forma de negación de la animalidad humana y la subordinación de lo animal, según Giorgio Agamben. De ahí que la hipótesis de este artículo sostiene que “Axolotl”, más que expresar una confrontación humano-animal, incide en el devenir-animal (Deleuze y Guattari) como vía de acceso a una posibilidad ontológica. Con ello, el devenir animal conforma un dispositivo de oposición y desarticulación de la máquina antropológica, a través de líneas de fuga y desterritorializaciones; además, en el plano discursivo, esta ficción plantea la posibilidad para una zoo-autobiografía, una capacidad compartida para producir un discurso del yo, animal y humano, ambos como animales autobiográficos (Derrida). ABSTRACT: Julio Cortázar's literature has expressed the animal question on many occasions, giving evidence of his ability to expose animals' perception of time, space, and visual field, the umwelt, the medium of the animal (vox Uexküll). This article analyzes the work “Axolotl” (1956), as a crucial piece of Cortázar's concerns in his search to confront the anthropological machine, seen it as the form of denial of human animality and the subordination of what is animal, according to Giorgio Agamben. Consequently, this article's hypothesis maintains that Axolotl, rather than expressing a human-animal confrontation, affects the becoming-animal as a way to access an ontological possibility. Thus, the becoming-animal (Deleuze and Guattari) forms a device of opposition and disarticulation of the anthropological machine through lines of flight and deterritorializations. Furthermore, on the discursive plane, this fiction raises the possibility for a zoo-autobiography, which implies a shared capacity to produce a self, animal and human, discourse, considering both as autobiographical animals (Derrida).