Associations Between Endogenous Estrogen, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy, and Cognitive Changes in Older Women

How markers of brain health are associated with endogenous estrogen and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) varies depending on women’s years from menopause and metabolic health status, ranging from potential benefit to harm. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) included 7,233 women age 65-80 who underwent a randomized clinical trial of various HT preparations for an average of 5.9 years. Over up to 18 years of post-trial follow-up, diabetes (DM2) increased the risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54 [95% CI 1.16–2.06]). Having DM2 and also treatment with unopposed conjugated equine estrogens increased the risk to HR=2.12 [1.47-3.06]. We hypothesize that the metabolic effects of estrogen in the brain drives this interaction. In support of this, the metabolic transition following menopause may alter the impact of other treatments on cognition, for example behavioral weight loss therapy to treat obesity in women with type 2 diabetes (interaction p=0.02 for executive function).

Complications of obesity in children and adolescents during covid-19 pandemic: A narrative review

Background: Obesity in children and adolescents has increased exponentially around the world. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a higher pediatric obesity rate. The excess adipose tissue generates a dysregulation of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin, among others. Metabolic alterations can develop cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemias, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep disorders, and higher risk of COVID-19 severity. Obesity has different therapeutic approaches such as behavioral weight loss programs, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical procedures. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are important to decrease the mortality in obesity among pediatric population.