Yield and Total Nutrient Uptake Influenced by Soil Salinity, Phosphorus Sources and Biofertilizers in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

A pot experiment was laid out at Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, Jobner in 2015 during kharif season using cowpea as a test crop to study the influence of soil salinity, phosphorus sources and biofertilizers on yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The experiment was tested in completely randomized design in which three levels of each salinity (EC 1.22, 4.0 and 6.0 dS/m), phosphorus (single super phosphate, di ammonium phosphate and phosphorus rich organic manure) and biofertilizers (control, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) were used with three replications. The experimental data showed that soil salinity (EC 1.22 dS/m) recorded significantly higher yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea in comparison to other treatments. But nitrogen content lowest recorded at EC 1.22 dS/m. Result further revealed that phosphorus source phosphorus rich organic manure recorded significantly maximum yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea over rest of the treatments. Furthermore, seed inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza recorded the maximum yield and nutrient uptake by cowpea over rest of the treatments. It’s concluded that combination of EC 1.22 dS/m + phosphorus rich organic manure + Biofertilizers (phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) found superior in all these parameters over the control.

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Against Damping-off Disease by Using a Mixture of Mycorrhizae

Khrieba, M.I., M.F. Azmeh, W. Chouman, I. Ghazal, and A.K. Ali. 2021. Induction of Systemic Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Against Damping-off Disease by Using a Mixture of Mycorrhizae. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(1): 61-68. The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in improving the activity of the enzyme peroxidase and its role in controlling tomato damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in a pot experiment during the 2013 growing season. Five treatments were compared with a non-treated control (C): in treatment 1, soil was infested only with Pythium (Py), in treatment 2, soil was infested with mycorrhiza only (My), in treatment 3 soil was infested with Pythium and mycorrhiza at sowing (My+Py), in treatment 4, soil was infested with Pythium and two weeks after sowing with Mycorrhiza (Py-My) and in treatment 5, soil was infested with mycorrhiza and two weeks after sowing with Pythium (My-Py). The results showed that peroxidase concentration in plant tissues 14 days after seed germination in the My treatment (361.91 μmole/mg) significantly exceeded the other treatments. In the treatment where mycorrhiza was added before the pathogen 67 Arab J. Pl. Prot. Vol. 39, No. 1 (2021) peroxidase activity reached 183.73 μmole/mg, which was 41% significantly higher than the My+Py treatment in which the pathogen and mycorrhizal inoculant were added together at sowing (108.27 μmole/mg). The peroxidase concentration increased significantly 28 days after seed germination in the My treatment (687.52 μmole/mg) as compared with the Py treatment (10.52 μmole/mg). Results also showed that in the treatment My-Py, where the mycorrhyzal inoculum was added before the pathogen, peroxidase activity (458.27 μmole/mg) was significantly higher than in the treatment Py+My, when the pathogen was added simultaneously with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum (98.67 μmole/mg). Furthermore, results showed that 35 days after seed germination, the enzyme concentration was significantly higher in the My-Py treatment (763.39 μmole/mg) as compared with My+Py treatment (143.5 μmole/mg). Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, VAM, Pythium ultimum, peroxidase, tomato, Syrian coast, induced resistance.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK MIKORIZA VESICULAR ARBUSKULAR TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA TANAH PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max (L) Merr)

This study aims at determining the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza dosage on soil chemical properties of soybean and its optimum dosage that can increase the soil available-P on crops of soybean. This research was conducted in Lokoboko village, Ndona Subdistrict of Ende regency. This study used Randomized Block Design and a single-pattern factor consists of five treatments and four replications namely M0 : 0 gr pot-1 or without mycorrhiza, M5: 5 gr pot-1 mycorrhiza, M10: 10 gr pot-1 mycorrhiza, M15: 15 gr pot-1 mycorrhiza and M20: 20 gr pot-1 mycorrhiza. The variables of this study are plant–absorption P (mg tan-1), soil–available P (mg kg-1), soil-organic C (%) and pH of soil. The results showed that the use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fertilizer for crops of soybean could increase soil-available P in 56,26%, plant-absorption P in 65%, pH of the soil in 6,06% and soil-organic C in 62,68 %. The use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fertilizer on the dosage of 20 g has the better effectivity in increasing soil-available P in the soybean plant.

IDENTIFICATION OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (VAM) FROM SOIL AND ITS POTENCY IN REDUCING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT (Phytophthora sp.) ON 5 CITRUS ROOTSTOCK

Phytophthora spp. is one of the fungal pathogens that kills plants on several kinds of the citrus rootstock. In other countries, it is reported that disease pathogens were reduced in roots containing Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM interaction). However, in Indonesia, there is less information about the effect of VAM on the roots of citrus plants against root disease caused by Phytophthora sp. This study aimed to identify VAM in citrus roots and study the potential of VAM in controlling root rot of Phytophthora sp. on five types of the citrus rootstock. The research was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory, Indonesian Citrus, and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI). Phytophthora spp. and VAM samples originated from several citrus centers endemic to Phytophthora were collected. VAM was isolated from the rhizosphere area of citrus plants, while Phytophthora sp. was isolated from infected plant roots. The fungus isolates were isolated, purified, then identified through references. The test of the potential of VAM in increasing resistance of root diseases caused by Phytophthora sp. was performed at the screen house in ICSFRI. The results of the study showed that VAM was identified in 39 gardens in 6 districts from samples collected in 49 yards in 10 regions of citrus centers. The dominant VAM genus is Glomus sp. with the highest density of spores was originated from Ponorogo area. The results of the identification of Phytophthora morphologically showed a diversity of Phytophthora, namely P. parasitica, P. palmivora, and P. citrophthora. The test of the potential of VAM in increasing plant resistance to Phytophthora results showed that Kanci, JC, RL, and Volkameriana varieties inoculated with Phytophthora sp. and Glomus sp. have higher plant height than healthy plants.