Increasing photosynthetic productivity of cereal bioenergy crops as affected by the water content in leaves under mycorrhization of the root system

Purpose. To determine photosynthetic productivity of miscanthus gigantheus and switchgrass as affected by leaf water content under mycorrhization of their roots. Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical. Results. The obtained results indicate that the use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) preparations Mycofriend (fungus Trichoderma harzianum RIFAI.), Mikovital (fungus Tuber melanosporum VITTAD.), and nitrogen-fixing preparation Florobacillin (Bacillus subtilis Cohn.) helps to increase water content in the leaves of such cereal bioenergy crops as miscanthus gigantheus and switchgrass. In particular, in all vegetation periods, in the treatments with Mycofriend, the water content in miscanthus gigantheus leaves was higher by 11.2–20.1% than in the control, while in switchgrass it was higher by 16.9–20.5% than in the control. In the treatments with Mikovital and Florobacillin, leaf water content ranged in miscanthus from 7.1 to 15.6% and from 5.8 to 11.7%, respectively, and in switchgrass, from 11.6 to 14.7% and from 7.0 to 10.2%, respectively. The photosynthetic productivity of these crops is affected by the water content in the leaves. There is a close correlation between these factors (correlation coefficient 0.95–0.96). Conclusions. Root application of biological plant products Mycofriend, Mikovital and Florobacillin improves water content in the leaves of cereal bioenergy crops, such as miscanthus gigantheus and switchgrass, and increases their photosynthetic productivity.

Increasing photosynthetic productivity of crops as affected by water content in their leaves under mycorrhization of the root system

Purpose. To investigate the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) and bacterial preparations on the leaf water content and photosynthetic productivity of agricultural crops (winter wheat, corn, sunflower and soybean) under mycorrhization of their roots. Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical. Results. The results of studies on determining the effect of pre-sowing treatment of seeds of such agricultural crops as soft winter wheat, common corn, annual sunflower and soybean culturally vesucular-arboscular drugs Mikovital (mushroom Tuber melanosporum VITTAD.) Micofrend (mushroom Trichoderma harzianum. (bacteria Bacillus subtilis Cohn.) on the water content of leaves and the productivity of photosynthesis of plants by mycorrhization of their root system. It was found that the implementation of this measure provides a steady increase in the water content of leaves and the productivity of photosynthesis of agricultural crops. In particular, the water content of leaves of soft winter wheat plants, common corn, annual sunflower and cultivated soybeans for the use of the preparations Mikovital, Mikofrend and Florobatsilin was 1.6–77.3 % more than in the control. According to the indicators of the water content of the leaves, the productivity of photosynthesis of crops increased by 8.3–57.1 % in comparison with the control, which indicates a significant effect of this factor on the growth and development of plants. Conclusions. Pre-sowing seed treatment with vesicular-arbuscular products Mikovital, Mycofrend, and bacterial product Florabacillin promotes a steady increase in the leaf water content and photosynthetic productivity in winter bread wheat, maize, annual sunflower, and soybean.

Diversity of vam in soils used to cultivate sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in Tabasco, Mexico

E Objective: A study was carried out in the Ingenio Santa Rosalía sugar mill supply area with the aim of identifying the soil subunits cultivated with sugar cane and to quantify the degree of mycorrhization of Saccharum officinarum. Design/Methodology/Approach: Rhizosphere samples were collected at a depth of 0-30 cm and root segments with diameters of ≤ 1 mm and 1-2.0 mm were studied. The intersect method and the fungal structures method were comparatively analyzed to determine the mycotrophic state of the roots. The study also quantified the number of spores in the soils and classified the morpho-species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). Results: The results show that seven soil subunits exist in the area, but the intersect method did not detect differences in colonization by root diameter or by root colonization ( = 68.5%). For its part, the fungal structures method showed differences in colonization between soil subunits ( = 69.5%), being higher in thin roots, and statistical differences wer found for vesicles and spores. At the sites, an average of 696 spores was quantified per 100 g of soil, which indicates a high presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the study area. Finally, six species of mycorrhizae were identified, of which four are present in various soil subunits: Glomus aff. deserticola, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus viscosum, and Paraglomus occultum. Study Limitations/Implications: This was an exploratory study that indicates the potential of VAM. Findings/Conclusions: The presence of hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules, and spores indicates that there is an active mycotrophic process between VAM and sugarcane cultivation in the soils of the study area.

Efek Biologi dari Mikoriza Vesikular Arbuskular untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman dan Stabilitas Agregat Tanah

Vesicular-arbuscular mychorrizae (MVA) is a key player in triggering vegetation development and soil reinforcement due to its potential to increase plant growth and soil aggregate stability. In terms of enhancing plant growth, the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae provides greater and more efficient access through the fungal hyphae for nutrient absorption and delivery to the plant. From the side of soil mechanical, the potential of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae is to increase the soil aggregate stability. These potentials, in their application can contribute to soil and slope stability. The characteristics and biological effects of vascular-arbuscular mycorrhizae to increase plant growth and soil aggregate stability in the correlation to slope stability will be discussed in this paper.

Yield and Total Nutrient Uptake Influenced by Soil Salinity, Phosphorus Sources and Biofertilizers in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

A pot experiment was laid out at Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, Jobner in 2015 during kharif season using cowpea as a test crop to study the influence of soil salinity, phosphorus sources and biofertilizers on yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The experiment was tested in completely randomized design in which three levels of each salinity (EC 1.22, 4.0 and 6.0 dS/m), phosphorus (single super phosphate, di ammonium phosphate and phosphorus rich organic manure) and biofertilizers (control, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) were used with three replications. The experimental data showed that soil salinity (EC 1.22 dS/m) recorded significantly higher yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea in comparison to other treatments. But nitrogen content lowest recorded at EC 1.22 dS/m. Result further revealed that phosphorus source phosphorus rich organic manure recorded significantly maximum yield and total nutrient uptake by cowpea over rest of the treatments. Furthermore, seed inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza recorded the maximum yield and nutrient uptake by cowpea over rest of the treatments. It’s concluded that combination of EC 1.22 dS/m + phosphorus rich organic manure + Biofertilizers (phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) found superior in all these parameters over the control.

Pengaruh Inokulasi Rhizobium-CMA Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Dua Varietas Kedelai Pada Tanah Entisol

A research to observe the influence of Rhizobium and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhyzae inoculation on growth and yield of Edamame and Wilis varieties of soybeans in Entisol soil. The research was conducted in the green house of Agriculture Faculty, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, from June to September 2003. The field experiment was arranged in 4x2 factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor was inoculation treatment which contains four levels consisted of: (1) without inoculation; (2) Rhizobium inoculation; (3) VAM inoculation and (4) Rhizobium-VAM inoculation. The second factor was the kind of varieties namely Edamame and Wilis. There were 24 research units which contain 12 polybags of each unit. The result of this research showed that there was no interaction between inoculation treatments and kinds of varieties to all of parameters, except the percentage of mycorrhizae infection. Inoculation of Rhizobium and VAM significantly increased the growth and yield of Wilis variety. The 100 grains weight of Edamame variety was 23.21 g and Wilis variety was 7.49 g. Inoculation of Rhizobium on Wilis variety was more compatible than Edamame. Endogenus VAM application on Edamame variety was more compatible than VAM isolates inoculation.

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Against Damping-off Disease by Using a Mixture of Mycorrhizae

Khrieba, M.I., M.F. Azmeh, W. Chouman, I. Ghazal, and A.K. Ali. 2021. Induction of Systemic Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Against Damping-off Disease by Using a Mixture of Mycorrhizae. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(1): 61-68. The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in improving the activity of the enzyme peroxidase and its role in controlling tomato damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in a pot experiment during the 2013 growing season. Five treatments were compared with a non-treated control (C): in treatment 1, soil was infested only with Pythium (Py), in treatment 2, soil was infested with mycorrhiza only (My), in treatment 3 soil was infested with Pythium and mycorrhiza at sowing (My+Py), in treatment 4, soil was infested with Pythium and two weeks after sowing with Mycorrhiza (Py-My) and in treatment 5, soil was infested with mycorrhiza and two weeks after sowing with Pythium (My-Py). The results showed that peroxidase concentration in plant tissues 14 days after seed germination in the My treatment (361.91 μmole/mg) significantly exceeded the other treatments. In the treatment where mycorrhiza was added before the pathogen 67 Arab J. Pl. Prot. Vol. 39, No. 1 (2021) peroxidase activity reached 183.73 μmole/mg, which was 41% significantly higher than the My+Py treatment in which the pathogen and mycorrhizal inoculant were added together at sowing (108.27 μmole/mg). The peroxidase concentration increased significantly 28 days after seed germination in the My treatment (687.52 μmole/mg) as compared with the Py treatment (10.52 μmole/mg). Results also showed that in the treatment My-Py, where the mycorrhyzal inoculum was added before the pathogen, peroxidase activity (458.27 μmole/mg) was significantly higher than in the treatment Py+My, when the pathogen was added simultaneously with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum (98.67 μmole/mg). Furthermore, results showed that 35 days after seed germination, the enzyme concentration was significantly higher in the My-Py treatment (763.39 μmole/mg) as compared with My+Py treatment (143.5 μmole/mg). Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, VAM, Pythium ultimum, peroxidase, tomato, Syrian coast, induced resistance.

Revegetation of Critical Land with Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) under Various Ameliorants Application

Rehabilitation of post-mining limestone soils is often a challenge due to a lack of nutrients and poor soil humus. The research aims to study the effect of various ameliorants on soil chemical properties, growth, and P uptake of gaharu plant (Aquilaria malaccensis) in post-mining limestone soil for revegetation of critical land. The research was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The treatments were P0 (Control, without ameliorant); P1 (Humic Acid, HA, 4 kg ha-1 ); P2 (Phosphate Rocks, PR, 350 kg ha-1 ); P3 (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AMF, 500 spores plant-1 ); P4 (HA+AMF); P5 (PR+AMF); and P6 (HA+PR+AMF). Data were analyzed using ANOVA at 95% confidence level and continued with the LSD test. The use of various types of ameliorants (HA, RP, and AMF) significantly increased root length, root volume, wet and dry weight of roots, shoot wet and dry weight, and P uptake of gaharu tree. The best ameliorant in increasing gaharu tree growth was AMF (P3) treatment, and AMF combined with HA (P4) treatment. Thus, for revegetation of critical land, especially post-mining limestone land, using gaharu tree requires HA and AMF inoculation.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi as a Tool for Sustainable Agricultural System

A sustainable agriculture is a type of agriculture that focuses on producing long-term crops and livestock without having any adverse effect on the environment. However, agricultural malpractices like excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as climate change have aggravated the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on crop productivity. These led to the degradation of ecosystem, leaving bad impacts on the soil qualities and water body environment. As an alternative to the rising agricultural energy, the use of Vesicular– Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) may be a better option. Being natural root symbionts, AM provide essential inorganic nutrients to host plants, thereby improving its growth and yield even under stressed conditions. AM fungi can also potentially strengthen the adaptability of a plant to the changing environment, as a bio-fertilizer. The chapter provides a comprehensive up-to-date knowledge on AM fungi as a tool for sustainable agricultural system. Thus, further research focusing on the AM -mediated promotion of crop quality and productivity is needed.