The search for stability and identity found expression not only in social life, but also in family life and the rhythms of the life cycle. Mobility intensified the desire for families, even as conditions made them difficult to create and maintain. There was a shortage of Jewish women as well as the requisite resources for traditional practice. Whereas in Europe, government-supported authorities had overseen these ritual practices, American law featured its own weak regulations of marriage, education, and death, usually in diverse state-based configurations. While some Jews did abandon Jewish practices, many tried to maintain them, cobbling together the requisite resources through informal networks or nascent institutions. In so doing, Jewish men and women often departed considerably from the expectations of Jewish authorities, embracing principles of sentimentalism and individualism, which were more mobile and reliable than Jewish legal strictures.