In 1897, the UMWA and the Pennsylvania legislation supported a tax on all unnaturalized workers. The foreign-born anthracite miners were enraged by this tax and walked off their jobs. In September 1897, four hundred striking men marched into Lattimer to help close the mine operations. The local sheriff and his posse met and fired upon the unarmed men, killing nineteen and wounding about thirty-eight. The incident at Lattimer led to a wide range of reactions in support of and in opposition to the miners’ cause. The massacre brought journalists to the region to document the new immigrants’ living conditions. Though reporters noted the extreme poverty, they also described the new immigrants as subhuman, thereby perpetuating and justifying the racist stereotypes of eastern and southern European immigrants.
On Assessing Risks to Fish Habitats and Populations Associated with a Transportation Corridor for Proposed Mine Operations in a Salmon-rich Watershed
