To Problem of Filler Failure in Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Materials

Filled polymers seem very promising materials for production. Polymers can be filled with a variety of diverse materials, be it polycaprolactam fiber, glass fiber, or steel wire. Compared to their non-filled counterparts, filled composites have a number of advantages. Production of filled polymers can be challenging due to the processing equipment (the rubber mixer, rollers, and extruders) mixing the fiber with the polymer matrix. In their purest form, polymers mostly don’t have the desired properties, which is why special additives (fillers, plasticizers, dyes, stabilizers, etc.) must be added to obtain the desired functional properties. This is why composites account for an ever greater share of polymers.

MECHANOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF NITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER IN THE PRESENCE OF A CHLORINE-CONTAINING REAGENT

This work is devoted to study of halide mechanochemical modification of nitrile-butadiene rubber (BNCS-18AN) with a chlorine-containing reagent. In previous studies, the optimal parameters for modification were established. The modification was carried out in a laboratory rubber mixer. The obtained halogen-containing rubbers were investigated using ESR spectroscopy. Rubber compounds based on obtained chlorinated butadiene-nitrile rubbers (CNBR), were prepared and their tensile stress-strain properties and curing characteristics were investigated. Vulcanization of rubber compounds was carried out under the established optimal conditions. Physical and mechanical properties of the rubbers were determined. Subsequent studies showed the most probable regularities of the mechanochemical halide modification of nitrile butadiene rubber (BNCS-18AN) with a chlorine-containing modifier (CHCl) in a rubber mixer.

Processing Conditions in the Batch-Operated Internal Mixer

This review represents an attempt to summarize and discuss some of the literature on the batch operated internal rubber mixer, with the primary view of studying processing conditions and how they influence efficiency and productivity of the process. The scope does not include materials to be mixed, their physical state, order of loading the mixer, compounding principles, systems layout, machine design, automation, mechanization, labor utilization, or other aspects of the mixing process. The discussion is limited to mixing and processing conditions connected with typical compounds, normally based on general-purpose rubbers, which today comprise by far the largest share of rubber batches mixed. It is assumed that the reader is acquainted with the mixing process and with rubber technology in general. The principal elements of the internal rubber mixer are sketched in Figure 1. Some scattered and not very coherent data on important makes of rubber mixers are collected in Tables II, III and IV and referred to in the following discussions. Since the different machines may have different applications, caution should be used in making intercomparisons. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the understanding of the mixing process, and its efficient utilization. A list of problem areas is presented at the end with the hope of stimulating future research.