Supplemental Material: Late Miocene–Pliocene onset of fluvial incision of the Cauca River Canyon in the Northern Andes

Supplemental Text S1; Supplemental Tables S1–S2; Data Set S1.

Supplemental Material: Late Miocene–Pliocene onset of fluvial incision of the Cauca River Canyon in the Northern Andes

Supplemental Text S1; Supplemental Tables S1–S2; Data Set S1.

Phylogenetic biogeography of Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)

Leptohyphes Eaton is one of the most species-rich American genera in Ephemeroptera, with 45 valid species distributed from south-central USA to Patagonia. Most species are distributed in central and northern Andes. Nymphs are frequent and abundant in mountain streams. We present a parsimony-based morphological phylogeny for the genus. Specific geographic records were studied using Hovenkamp’s protocol (barrier biogeography). Leptohyphes was recovered as a monophyletic group. The most ancient disjunction found in Leptohyphes separated Tepui-area from the rest of the Americas. Other interesting vicariant events were found, including the separation of eastern Atlantic mountains (Mata Atlantica) from the Andes; oriental and occidental slopes of the Andes; northern from central Andes; and northern Andes from Central and North America. An ancient tropical South American origin for the genus is supported, with a more recent diversification due to Andean orogeny. Clades and terminals reaching North America include few independent events of more recent range expansions.

A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae)

Bubalopa Stål, 1869 (Darninae: Hyphinoini) is an obscure genus of treehoppers endemic to the Northern Andes. In this work, we reassess the taxonomic boundaries of Bubalopa based on primary types and comparative material. Newly reported characters from adults and nymphs expand the current concept of Hyphinoini, for which an amended diagnosis is presented. Identification keys, species redescriptions, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided for the three species that now constitute Bubalopa: B. furcata (Fairmaire, 1846), B. obscuricornis Stål, 1869 and B. iguaque sp. nov. (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia). Immatures of Hyphinoe obliqua (Walker, 1858) and B. furcata are described for the first time with notes on their life history. A nomenclatural change is proposed for Hyphinoe punctorum Buckton, 1903, previously included in Bubalopa, now considered to be a junior synonym of Eualthe punctum (Fairmaire, 1846). A lectotype is designated for Hemiptycha furcata Fairmaire, 1846, currently housed at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.

Comment on “Emplazamiento del magmatismo Paleoceno-Eoceno bajo un régimen transtensional y su evolución a un equilibrio dinámico en el borde occidental de Colombia” by Grajales et al., Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol. (2020), 37(3), 250-268

Grajales et al. (2020) reviewed geochronological and geochemical data from Paleogene volcanic and plutonic rocks outcropping in the Panama-Choco Block (north western Cordillera) and southern Western Cordillera, as well as the Central Cordillera of Colombia. These data were used to support a model of continuous Paleogene arc magmatism along the Colombian continental margin, and to propose a paleogeographic model for the arc. The authors did not discuss previously published paleomagnetic, geochemical, geochronological, thermochronological and provenance constraints from Cretaceous to Miocene rocks of western and northern Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador that support a more plausible model of a double subduction system controlled by the convergence of the Caribbean and Farallon plates beneath the north Andean block during Paleogene. In this comment, we discuss shortcomings in the data and model proposed by Grajales et al. (2020) and present an alternative interpretation for contemporaneous arc-like magmatism during the Paleogene in the Northern Andes. We conclude that the double subduction system is the more plausible explanation for the contemporaneous arc-like magmatism during the Paleogene, currently exposed in the northern and southern portions of the Northern Andes.