Electronic Transferable Records: A Gap in Qatari Law That Urgently Needs Filling

Qatar has sought to encourage the development of international trade and investment through advancements in its law. In light of the growing importance of electronic operations, it has adopted the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law’s (UNCITRAL) model laws on electronic commerce and electronic signatures. However, they alone are insufficient to respond fully to the present-day needs of international trade. An area in which Qatari law is still wanting is the electronic transfer of records that originated on paper. This article assesses the extent to which current Qatari legislation relating to the assignment of rights, bills of lading, and commercial papers is suited to the transfer of such records by electronic means and identifies aspects on which it falls short. To fill this gap, Qatar should adopt the 2017 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records and ensure that it is applied as widely as possible, internally, internationally, and in civil and commercial dealings.

Theoretical Investigation of Electronic Transfer Rate for Au Metal Contact with Bathocuproine BCP Dye

In this paper, a theoretical model is used to investigate and evaluate the electronic transfer rate by using Au metal contact with 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, known as BCP. Electron transfer process is a necessary in variety electronic devices. The electron transfer rate investigates and calculates for Au/BCP interface due to transition energy, Fermi energy, ionization energy and strength coupling to calculate results in a wide solvent media. In this work, the Au metal is used a donor state with BCP molecule as acceptor to study the electron transfer process with changing thirteen solvents media. The results show that electron transfer parameters of the Au/BCP system have been strong dependent on transition energy. It's given acceptable rate in room temperature with barrier ranging 1.169, 1.091, 1.081, 1.086 and 1.064 eV for Diethyl ether, Ethyl, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Acetic acid and 1,2-Dimethoxyethane as result to have low transition energy compare with 0.946, 0.940, 0.967, 0.951, 0.970 and 0.977 eV for Methanol, Water, Acetone, Ethanol, Acetonitrile and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol because have large transition energy.The Au/BCP device has large electron transfer rate with water and Methanol in range 19.328 × 10-9 to 15.205 × 10-9 (cm4/ sec) compare with low electron transfer rate with Diethyl and Ethyl acetate in range 0.006 × 10-9 to 0.091 × 10-9 (cm4/ sec). Moreover, the devices that are employing Au in contact with BCP show higher electronic transfer rate with less polarity solvent.

Role of Glutathione-Ascorbate Cycle and Photosynthetic Electronic Transfer in Alternative Oxidase-Manipulated Waterlogging Tolerance in Watermelon Seedlings

Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been documented to mitigate the oxidative stress caused by abiotic stresses. However, it remains unknown how AOX regulates the antioxidant system and photosynthesis under waterlogging. To address this issue, we used two watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) cultivars (waterlogging tolerant cultivar ‘YL’ and sensitive cultivar ‘Zaojia8424’) as materials and the AOX inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to investigate the effects of AOX on photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species metabolism under waterlogging. We found that waterlogging decreased leaf photosynthesis and quantum yield of photosynthesis in watermelon, and the waterlogging tolerant cultivar ‘YL’ showed higher expression level of ClaAOX than the sensitive cultivar ‘Zaojia8424’. Net photosynthesis rate was higher in ‘YL’ than ‘Zaojia8424’. Moreover, waterlogging induced photoinhibition in ‘Zaojia8424’ but not in ‘YL’. Meanwhile, waterlogging promoted the accumulation of superoxide and peroxide hydrogen, and triggered oxidative damage. ‘YL’ suffered from less severe oxidative damage due to increased contents of ascorbate, a higher ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), a higher activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT), and enhanced levels of CAT and APX expression, relative to ‘Zaojia8424’. However, the alleviation of photosynthesis and oxidative damage, increased content of ascorbate and higher GSH/GSSG ratio were abolished by SHAM. Our results suggested that photosynthetic electronic transfer and glutathione-ascorbate cycle are involved in waterlogging tolerance mediated by the AOX pathway in watermelon.

Tracking and Traceability

The ability to trace a cellular product from donor to patient and vice versa is essential for the patient’s safety. Uniform product description as well as standardization of product labelling is necessary to ensure adequate tracking and tracing of cellular products.Also, with the increasing use of automated systems, accurate and unambiguous electronic transfer of product information is critical.Standardization comprises several elements which together will form an ‘information environment’. Together with electronic standards such as ISBT128 and Eurocode, this will further enhance safety, accuracy and efficiency in tracking and tracing cellular products.