Theoretical Investigation of Electronic Transfer Rate for Au Metal Contact with Bathocuproine BCP Dye

In this paper, a theoretical model is used to investigate and evaluate the electronic transfer rate by using Au metal contact with 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, known as BCP. Electron transfer process is a necessary in variety electronic devices. The electron transfer rate investigates and calculates for Au/BCP interface due to transition energy, Fermi energy, ionization energy and strength coupling to calculate results in a wide solvent media. In this work, the Au metal is used a donor state with BCP molecule as acceptor to study the electron transfer process with changing thirteen solvents media. The results show that electron transfer parameters of the Au/BCP system have been strong dependent on transition energy. It's given acceptable rate in room temperature with barrier ranging 1.169, 1.091, 1.081, 1.086 and 1.064 eV for Diethyl ether, Ethyl, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Acetic acid and 1,2-Dimethoxyethane as result to have low transition energy compare with 0.946, 0.940, 0.967, 0.951, 0.970 and 0.977 eV for Methanol, Water, Acetone, Ethanol, Acetonitrile and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol because have large transition energy.The Au/BCP device has large electron transfer rate with water and Methanol in range 19.328 × 10-9 to 15.205 × 10-9 (cm4/ sec) compare with low electron transfer rate with Diethyl and Ethyl acetate in range 0.006 × 10-9 to 0.091 × 10-9 (cm4/ sec). Moreover, the devices that are employing Au in contact with BCP show higher electronic transfer rate with less polarity solvent.

Labor Migration from Ukraine to Poland: Regulatory Framework, Key Issues and Challenges

The article deals with the conceptions of the international migration, focusing on the most relevant strategies in terms of migrant workers adaptation. The authors analyse the following conceptions: the “Pull/Push” theory, Adaptation (acculturation) Strategy, Relative Inequality Theory of Migration, the Human Capital Theory. Legal framework of Ukraine and Poland in the sphere of labor migration regulation, including set of legal acts, adopted by both countries in order to minimize possible negative outcomes caused by evolving migration flows have been analyzed. The main “pushing” migration factors of the donor countries and “pulling” factors of the recipients are clarified. The main motive for migrating to Poland is to form a so-called "airbag" for their families in Ukraine. The point is that thanks to remittances, clothes, food, etc., Ukrainian labor migrants form a sense of confidence in the future of their family members in the “era of poverty”, which is identified with the Ukrainian state. The positive and negative consequences of the migration flows intensification of Ukrainian workers for both Ukraine and Poland are highlighted. Future scenarios for modeling migration flows are shaped, namely: optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic and the Covid-19 migration pattern. Recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in solving of the labor migration problems are suggested. The assessment of the trends of current migration policy of Warsaw has been carried out in accordance with multilateral MIPEX Index. Thus, migration policy is assessing as the “equality in the paper” and is rating lower (40/100 points) than average indicator among EU-countries. The conclusions assert that migration policy should be based on the principle of “tripartism” and serve the donor state, the recipient state and the migrants themselves.

Gut microbiota restoration through fecal microbiota transplantation: a new atopic dermatitis therapy

The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves complex factors, including gut microbiota and immune modulation, which remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to restore gut microbiota via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to ameliorate AD in mice. FMT was performed using stool from donor mice. The gut microbiota was characterized via 16S rRNA sequencing and analyzed using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology 2 with the DADA2 plugin. Gut metabolite levels were determined by measuring fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents. AD-induced allergic responses were evaluated by analyzing blood parameters (IgE levels and eosinophil percentage, eosinophil count, basophil percentage, and monocyte percentage), the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, dermatitis score, and the number of mast cells in the ileum and skin tissues. Calprotectin level was measured to assess gut inflammation after FMT. FMT resulted in the restoration of gut microbiota to the donor state and increases in the levels of SCFAs as gut metabolites. In addition, FMT restored the Th1/Th2 balance, modulated Tregs through gut microbiota, and reduced IgE levels and the numbers of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. FMT is associated with restoration of gut microbiota and immunologic balance (Th1/Th2) along with suppression of AD-induced allergic responses and is thus a potential new therapy for AD.

Donor-State Partnerships in the Cambodian Land Sector

This chapter examines the formation of Cambodia's postwar property rights regime by tracing the evolving relationship between the German donor agency GIZ and the Cambodian state. It reviews donor agencies that ignored the failures of Cambodia's Land Rights Program and donor practices and turned the political issue of land control into a technical problem. It also explains the practices that justified the donors' continued presence, even as they created uncertainty over what was actually happening on the ground and shut down space for deeper questions about the relationships between land titling and tenure security. The chapter charts the affiliation of GIZ with the Cambodian Ministry of Land since 1995 to determine how donor interventions worked to strengthen the state elite's grip on power. It illustrates how faith in the efficacy of land title is produced in public discourse through oversimplified technical data and veiled threats that silence deeper questions.

China’s Strategy of ‘String of Pearls’ and South Asia

Indian Ocean has always remained a center of economic development and security of Asian states. Therefore, China’s shift from Pacific Ocean to Indian Ocean for the sake of energy security and economic development can be seen. China has developed a network of ports and naval bases in Indian Ocean through diplomatic means for expanding its influence. This study aims to examine the nature of string of pearls strategy of China that how China is utilizing its economic tools to fulfill its commercial interest in the larger Indian Ocean region. International community often relates “string of pearls” strategy with China’s hostile naval build up in IOR by creating network of naval bases along the littorals of Indian Ocean. This article has emphasized on the commercial nature of string of pearls strategy with reference to the South Asian States under soft power theory. Though it’s a challenging task for China to increase its influence in the Indian proximity but China is operating on the principle of creating common grounds for both the host states as well as donor state in the South Asian region.

Orchestrating a Migration Regime

Chapter 9 shows how the widespread adoption of diaspora institution models and best practices has been orchestrated by international organizations, and supported by the actions of a ‘diaspora engagement industry’ of professional consultants, think tanks, and NGOs working on the topic. The chapter shows how and why key international organizations consumed and assimilated models of diaspora engagement, and how they ‘orchestrated’ the dissemination of these policy models and best practices to states around the world. The discussion also highlights how international organizations have used mechanisms such as ‘donor menus’ to retain credibility as disinterested experts, and also how such mechanisms have concealed the role of powerful donor state interests in shaping this supposedly disinterested advice.

Reorienting Foreign Aid*

This chapter applies the theory of targeted development to foreign aid and analyzes bilateral aid allocation from 23 donors to 156 recipient for the period 1973–2012. The targeted development framework predicts that donors will use aid where it can most benefit themselves by decreasing negative spillovers from underdevelopment, and that this concern with spillovers will have grown as globalization has increased. The analysis shows that in the post-2001 period, donors give more aid to nearby countries and to those that are linked to themselves through trade, migration, or historical ties. These countries have an increased likelihood of transmitting spillovers to the donor state. This marks a change from the Cold War period, when non-development considerations were leading determinants of aid policy. The analysis also shows that donors alter the composition of aid based on the quality of governance in a recipient, consistent with an attempt to increase aid effectiveness.