Pappus’s Hexagon Theorem in Real Projective PlaneThis work has been supported by the “Centre autonome de formation et de recherche en mathématiques et sciences avec assistants de preuve” ASBL (non-profit organization). Enterprise number: 0777.779.751. Belgium.

Summary. In this article we prove, using Mizar [2], [1], the Pappus’s hexagon theorem in the real projective plane: “Given one set of collinear points A, B, C, and another set of collinear points a, b, c, then the intersection points X, Y, Z of line pairs Ab and aB, Ac and aC, Bc and bC are collinear” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus’s_hexagon_theorem . More precisely, we prove that the structure ProjectiveSpace TOP-REAL3 [10] (where TOP-REAL3 is a metric space defined in [5]) satisfies the Pappus’s axiom defined in [11] by Wojciech Leończuk and Krzysztof Prażmowski. Eugeniusz Kusak and Wojciech Leończuk formalized the Hessenberg theorem early in the MML [9]. With this result, the real projective plane is Desarguesian. For proving the Pappus’s theorem, two different proofs are given. First, we use the techniques developed in the section “Projective Proofs of Pappus’s Theorem” in the chapter “Pappos’s Theorem: Nine proofs and three variations” [12]. Secondly, Pascal’s theorem [4] is used. In both cases, to prove some lemmas, we use Prover9 https://www.cs.unm.edu/~mccune/prover9/ , the successor of the Otter prover and ott2miz by Josef Urban See its homepage https://github.com/JUrban/ott2miz [13], [8], [7]. In Coq, the Pappus’s theorem is proved as the application of Grassmann-Cayley algebra [6] and more recently in Tarski’s geometry [3].

On six-dimensional AH-submanifolds of class W1⊕W2⊕W4 in Cayley algebra

Six-dimensional submanifolds of Cayley algebra equipped with an almost Hermitian structure of class W1 W2 W4 defined by means of three-fold vector cross products are considered. As it is known, the class W1 W2 W4 contains all Kählerian, nearly Kählerian, almost Kählerian, locally conformal Kählerian, quasi-Kählerian and Vaisman — Gray manifolds. The Cartan structural equations of the W1 W2 W4 -structure on such six-dimensional submanifolds of the octave algebra are obtained. A criterion in terms of the configuration tensor for an arbitrary almost Hermitian structure on a six-dimensional submanifold of Cayley algebra to belong to the W1 W2 W4 -class is established. It is proved that if a six-dimensional W1 W2 W4 -submanifold of Cayley algebra satisfies the quasi-Sasakian hypersurfaces axiom (i.e. a hypersurface with a quasi-Sasakian structure passes through every point of such submanifold), then it is an almost Kählerian manifold. It is also proved that a six-dimensional W1 W2 W4 -submanifold of Cayley algebra satisfies the eta-quasi-umbilical quasi-Sasakian hypersurfaces axiom, then it is a Kählerian manifold.

On six-dimensional Vaisman — Gray submanifolds of the octave algebra

The W1 W4 class of almost Hermitian manifolds (in accordance with the Gray — Hervella classification) is usually named as the class of Vaisman — Gray manifolds. This class contains all Kählerian, nearly Kählerian and locally conformal Kählerian manifolds. As it is known, Vaisman — Gray manifolds are invariant under the conformal transformations of the metric. A criterion in the terms of the configuration tensor for an arbitrary six-dimensional submanifold of Cayley algebra to belong to the Vaisman — Gray class of almost Hermitian manifolds is established. The Cartan structural equations of the almost contact metric structures induced on oriented hypersurfaces of six-dimensional Vaisman — Gray submanifolds of the octave algebra are obtained. It is proved that totally geodesic hypersurfaces of six-dimensional Vaisman — Gray submanifolds of Cayley algebra admit nearly cosymplectic structures (or Endo structures). This result is a generalization of the previously proved fact that totally geodesic hypersurfaces of nearly Kählerian manifolds also admit nearly cosymplectic structures.

Classification of 3T1R Parallel Manipulators Based on Their Wrench Graph

This paper presents a classification of 3T1R parallel manipulators (PMs) based on the wrench graph. By using the theory of reciprocal screws, the properties of the three-dimensional projective space, the wrench graph, and the superbracket decomposition of Grassmann–Cayley algebra, six typical wrench graphs for 3T1R parallel manipulators are obtained along with their singularity conditions. Furthermore, this paper shows a way in which each of the obtained typical wrench graphs can be used in order to synthesize new 3T1R parallel manipulator architectures with known singularity conditions and with an understanding of their geometrical properties and assembly conditions.