Stereoselective Aldol Additions of Glycolic Acid and Its Derivatives

This review gives a comprehensive overview of aldol additions of glycolic acid derivatives to achiral aldehydes and acetals affording α,β-dihydroxycarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. The focus is on simple diastereoselectivity. A selection of related aldol additions is also presented: aldol additions of glycolic acid derivatives to ketones with two different substituents and aldol additions of α-substituted glycolic acid derivatives.1 Introduction1.1 Organization of this Review1.2 Outside the Scope of this Review: Aldol Additions Giving α,β-Dihydroxyaldehydes and α,β-Dihydroxyketones Diastereoselectively1.3 Non-Aldol Routes to Diastereomerically Pure α,β-Dihydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives2 Aldol Additions of Glycolic Acid (Derivative) Enolates to Aldehydes2.1 Aldol Additions of Glycolate Enolates (‘Glycolic Acid Dianions’)2.2 Aldol Additions of Glycolic Ester Enolates2.3 Aldol Additions of Glycolic Thioester Enolates2.4 Aldol Additions of Glycolimide Enolates2.5 Aldol Additions of Glycolamide Enolates2.6 Mukaiyama Aldol Additions of Silyl Ketene Acetals of Glycolic Esters­ and Thioesters2.7 Aldol Additions of Glycoloyl Chlorides via Acyl Ammonium Enolates3 Aldol-Providing Substitutions of Glycolimide Enolates in Acetals4 Additions Related to Aldol Additions of Glycolic Acid Derivative Enolates to Aldehydes4.1 Selected Simply Diastereoselective Aldol Additions of Enolates of Glycolic Acid Derivatives to Ketones with Two Different Substituents4.2 Simply Diastereoselective Aldol Additions of Enolates of Glycolic Acid Derivatives with a Methyl Substituent at C-α (Lactic Acid Derivatives)5 Conclusion

Copper complexes for the promotion of iminopyridine ligands derived from β-alanine and self-aldol additions: relaxivity and cytotoxic properties

The template effect in K2 (N,O) chelated Cu(ii) complexes can promote C–C or C–N coupling products.

Analysis of transition state stabilization by non-covalent interactions in the Houk–List model of organocatalyzed intermolecular Aldol additions using functional-group symmetry-adapted perturbation theory

Rational design of catalysts would be aided by a better understanding of how non-covalent interactions stabilize transition states.