Tax Clusterization of Regions of the Russian Federation to Identify Territories-Drivers of Sustainable Development

The relevance of tax clustering is due to the need for a competent scientifically grounded definition of territories that are drivers of economic growth. The aim of the study was to identify, on the basis of econometric methods, clusters of the regions of the Russian Federation by a set of indicators reflecting their tax status, tax administration, informatization of the tax environment. The Russian regions were grouped into clusters by a set of tax indicators based on official statistical data for 2018 using SPSS, Rstudio, Anaconda Navigator software. As a result of the anomalous values, five federal subjects were excluded from the analysis: Moscow, Sevastopol, Ingushetia, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Econometric analysis made it possible to conclude that there are three clusters of regions according to the analyzed parameters: 1) the least functionally proportional (7 regions), which have the lowest tax intensity of the gross regional product, the highest debt intensity of the gross regional product and the highest level of tax debt of the employed population, companies, and individual entrepreneurs; 2) medium functionally proportional (50 regions) with the lowest efficiency of tax administration, the highest coefficient of tax collection, the lowest level of taxation of the employed population and individual entrepreneurs (but not companies), the lowest level of tax debt of all analyzed subjects, and the lowest additional tax charges and sanctions for violation of tax legislation from tax audits, 3) the most comprehensively successful (22 regions), which are characterized by the highest tax intensity of the gross regional product and the highest level of tax revenues generated by the employed population, companies, and individual entrepreneurs. The regions of this cluster have the most effective taxation of value added and financial results of organizations. Among the regions of the third group, the leaders in terms of digital indicators are: Tyumen Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Republic of Tatarstan, Leningrad Oblast. The study can develop in the following promising directions: 1) inclusion in the cluster analysis of indicators, not typical for the characteristics of the tax environment, that most fully reflect the influence of external diverse factors on the tax state of the regions; 2) extrapolation of the results to assess the tax status of the territories of other states; 3) the need to improve the tax clustering method based on artificial intelligence technology.

After-Tax Discounting: A Research Edge

This research note addresses after-tax discounting for pricing assets. Specifically, it analyzes the appropriate way to discount after-tax payoffs from assets that trade in capital markets in which both taxable and tax-free investors can buy and sell both taxable and tax-free instruments. The effect of the tax status of the investor and the tax status of the financing tool that an investor uses on price of an asset are discussed. Secondly, it derives the proper after-tax discount rate to use in the risk neutral valuation method for pricing assets that have state-contingent payments, typically structured in a lease based transaction. Dynamic state-contingent payoffs and cash flow processes are developed. Pre-tax discounted price, after-tax discounted payoffs are considered, then after-tax discount rate is derived. Included in this analysis of state-contingent discounting is the effect of depreciation expense, the only expense associated with the use of the asset, on after-tax discount rates

The Tax Law Status of Standalone Subdivisions of Russian Organizations

The article discusses the features of the tax status of separate divisions of Russian organizations. It is noted that the tax legis-lation of the Russian Federation does not disclose the types of separate divisions. Since depending on the type of separate division, such legal issues as the procedure for registering at the location of the separate division and the types of activities performed depend on it.

After-Tax Discounting: A Research Edge

This research note addresses after-tax discounting for pricing assets. Specifically, it analyzes the appropriate way to discount after-tax payoffs from assets that trade in capital markets in which both taxable and tax-free investors can buy and sell both taxable and tax-free instruments. The effect of the tax status of the investor and the tax status of the financing tool that an investor uses on price of an asset are discussed. Secondly, it derives the proper after-tax discount rate to use in the risk neutral valuation method for pricing assets that have state-contingent payments, typically structured in a lease based transaction. Dynamic state-contingent payoffs and cash flow processes are developed. Pre-tax discounted price, after-tax discounted payoffs are considered, then after-tax discount rate is derived. Included in this analysis of state-contingent discounting is the effect of depreciation expense, the only expense associated with the use of the asset, on after-tax discount rates.

Features of the Application of the Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights by Ukrainian Courts in Tax Cases

The purpose of this article is to explore the subject of applying to the European Court of Human Rights in tax cases, the place of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the system of sources of tax law, the problems arising from the application of ECtHR decisions by Ukrainian courts in tax cases. The research was carried out using formal-dogmatic, system-structural, comparative-legal, historical and other methods of scientific cognition. The author concludes that it is important to use the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights to resolve public law disputes, the subject of which is public finances. After all, the Ukrainian tax system and tax legislation, the tax status of taxpayers and tax authorities should be based on the fundamental principles enshrined in the Convention and which have repeatedly been systematically interpreted in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.