Cumulative $${\pi}$$-Mesons in $${}^{{12}}{C}{+}{}^{{9}}$$Be-Interactions at 3.2 GeV/Nucleon

In the FRAGM experiment at the heavy-ion accelerator$$-$$accumulator complex ITEP$$-$$TWA, yields of cumulative charged $$\pi$$ mesons have been measured in a fragmentation of carbon ions with the energy of 3.2 GeV/nucleon on a beryllium target. The momentum spectra of $$\pi$$ mesons cover four orders of the invariant cross section magnitude. They demonstrate the exponential fall with increasing energy. The measured inverse slope parameter is compared with similar measurements in nucleon–nucleus interactions and ion–ion collisions at lower energies. The energy dependence of the ratio of the yields of negative to positive $$\pi$$ mesons is presented. This dependence is discussed in a connection with Coulomb and isotopic effects. The obtained data are compared with predictions of several ion–ion interaction models.

Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?

<p>Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of <em>H₀ c</em>; here <em>H₀</em> is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of <em>H₀ c</em>. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as <em>H₀ c</em> at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass <em>h H₀ / c²</em>. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’. Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.</p>