The habenular nucleus (Hb) located in the epithalamus is an important connection between the limbic forebrain and midbrain pathway and it regulates physiological activities including reproduction, sleep-wake, body temperature. Hb is anatomically close to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the pacemaker of circadian rhythms in mammals. In vivo data showed circadian oscillation of Period2 (Per2) expression in Hb. However, it remains unknown whether the circadian oscillation of Per2 expression is regulated by SCN. We used semi-quantity RT-PCR methods to examine the relative expression of Per2 and c-fos mRNA in the Hb at 13:00 and 1:00 in the LD (light-dark) cycle either SCN was intact or destroyed. The expression of Per2 and c-fos mRNA in the Hb was higher at 13:00 than at 1:00. However, damaging the SCN abolished the difference of Per2 and c-fos mRNA expression at the two time ponits in the Hb, suggesting circadian oscillation of Per2 and c-fos gene in the Hb may be regulated by SCN under in vivo condition.
A resting‐state study of volumetric and functional connectivity of the habenular nucleus in treatment‐resistant depression patients
