This chapter uses the history of medicine and psychiatry to examine attitudes towards the creative or literary mind in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Accounting for existing scholarly work on subjects such as the nervous temperament and hysteria, the chapter draws from less familiar writing to demonstrate how trends in medical thinking and practice changed the connotations of madness in the period. These trends included the extension of the range of medical discourse; overlapping concepts of ‘partial insanity’ or ‘moral insanity’, which played a role in effecting this extension; and ‘moral management’ or ‘moral treatment’, which also created a wider interpenetration of medical and social or cultural values. Medical figures discussed include William Battie, William Perfect, Joseph Mason Cox, John Conolly, J. C. A. Heinroth, J. C. Reil, James Cowles Prichard, William Pargeter, Alexander Crichton, Thomas Arnold, Benjamin Rush, Pinel, Esquirol, the Tuke and Monro families, and Forbes Winslow.