On the delay in propagation of action potentials

The signal delay during the propagation of action potentials is one of the key issues in understanding the mechanisms of generation and propagation of neural signals. Here we reanalyzed related experimental data to demonstrate that action potentials in the propagation process along a myelinated axon are highly overlapped in the time scale. The shift in time of two successive signals from neighboring nodes, defined as delay time τ in this work, is only tens of microseconds (16.3-87.0 μs), thus is only ~ 0.8-4.4 % of the measured average duration of an action potential, ~ 2 ms. This fact may reveal a huge gap to the commonly accepted picture for propagation of neural signal. We could apply the electromagnetic soliton-like model to well explain this phenomenon, and attribute τ to the waiting time that one signal source (i.e., ion channel cluster at one node) needs to take when it generates an electromagnetic neural pulse with increasing intensity until the intensity is higher than a certain point so as to activate neighboring signal source. This viewpoint may shed some light on a better understanding of the exact physical mechanism of neural signal communication in a variety of biosystems.Statement of SignificanceThe delay time during the propagation of action potentials is an important term in understanding the mechanisms of generation and propagation of neural signals. In this article we analyzed published experimental data and showed that action potentials from two neighboring Ranvier nodes are highly overlapped in time, with an average shift of tens of microseconds, which occupied only ~ 0.8-4.4 % of the average duration of an action potential (2 ms). The electromagnetic soliton-model seemed the best model to explain this phenomenon.The viewpoint of this article may shed some light on a better understanding of the exact physical mechanism of neural signal communication, and be tractive to researchers in a variety of fields, such as neuroscience, brain-computer interface, etc..

Origin of the magnetic momentum for regular electrically charged objects described by nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to gravity

Dynamical equations of nonlinear electrodynamics minimally coupled to gravity (NED–GR), admit the class of regular solutions, asymptotically Kerr–Newman for a distant observer, which describe regular electrically charged rotating black holes and spinning electromagnetic solitons with the angular momentum [Formula: see text] and the gyromagnetic ratio [Formula: see text]. Their basic generic feature is the existence of the interior de Sitter equatorial disk of the radius [Formula: see text] with the equation-of-state [Formula: see text] in the co-rotating frame, with the properties of a perfect conductor and ideal diamagnetic, and with the superconducting ring current along the edge of the disk, which replaces the ring singularity of the Kerr–Newman geometry and provides the nondissipative source of electromagnetic fields and the origin of an intrinsic magnetic momentum for an electrically charged regular object described by NED–GR. Generic features of the electromagnetic soliton with the parameters of the electron, [Formula: see text], suggest that the intrinsic origin of the electron magnetic momentum can be a superconducting ring current evaluated as [Formula: see text] A.