International Demand for Palm Oil Estimated Within a Fats and Oils Demand System

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><br />Sistim permintaan untuk minyak nabati dan hewani bagi tiga pasar internasional utama dan dua negara produsen diduga dengan model Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Pembahasan dititik­ beratkan pada hasil pendugaan untuk sistem permintaan minyak nabati dan hewani bagi MEE karena kawasan ini merupakan pasar ekspor yang paling penting bagi minyak sawit Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kecuali di Amerika Serikat, permintaan untuk minyak sawit di pasar interna­ sional adalah inelastis. Telaahan ini juga menunjukkan hubungan antara minyak-minyak nabati dan hewani tidak saja bersifat substitusi tetapi antara beberapa minyak tersebut terjadi juga hubungan yang komplementer. Negara-negara yang termasuk ke dalam analisis ini adalah MEE, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Sebelas macam minyak nabati dan hewani yang termasuk ke dalam analisis ini adalah lard, edible tallow, minyak-minyak sawit, kelapa, kedelai, biji kapas, biji rape, biji bunga matahari, zaitun, jagung, dan ikan.</p>

Qualitative Analysis of Propyl Gallate, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Butylated Hydroxyanisole, and Butylated Hydroxytoluene in Fats and Oils

collaborative study was made of qualitative tests for added antioxidants in oils and fats. Samples of corn oil, edible tallow, and lard to which 5, 5, 10, and 15 ppm of propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, respectively, had been added, plus blank samples of the oil and the fats were analyzed by 9 collaborators. The tests employed were previously described in This Journal, 45, 244 (1962). The present report includes an extraction procedure for separation of individual antioxidants, after which the qualitative tests are applied. All collaborators identified the added antioxidants correctly. (Four of the nine repeated the analyses of the samples, which were resubmitted to them in different sequence and with different identifications.) The procedure is considered suitable for routine screening, since oils and fats in commercial use contain a considerably higher level of antioxidants than were added to these collaborative samples.