Fats and oils adulteration: present scenario and rapid detection techniques

Fats and oils are an essential part of everyday cooking as well as food products development and their purity are a concern since very early in human history. Adulteration of fats and oils is increased day by day throughout the world, a greater extent. Hence an attempt has been taken to review to identify different suitable rapid detection techniques for ensuring food quality and safety. The study was designed on the basis of extensive literature review for collecting relevant scientific evidence from various sources like Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline database, Science direct database, published journal, newspaper and periodicals. Various techniques have been utilized to assess the purity of edible fats and oils but yet they are costly and time-consuming. This study summarized the rapid detection techniques so that a common person can perform at the level of the household so as to have a broad picture of the status of adulteration in his food in case of doubt. Edible fats and oils are reported to be adulterated with other low-price oils. For example, mustard oil adulterated with argemone oil and butter yellow and ghee adulterated with vanaspati ghee. The leading challenges include the lack of market survey, lack of acceptance in the wholesale and retail market because of suspecting its purity, community health problem and decrease in consumer confidence.

INNOVATIVE METHODS OF SEPARATION OF GLYCEROL-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FROM BIOFUELS

Transport consumes about 20% of the world's primary energy, mainly oil. This situation is unacceptable for countries that do not have their own oil reserves and want a stable economy and energy independence. Communities in many countries recognize that these problems continue to accompany the use of road transport and have long paid serious attention to the use of alternative fuels for vehicles, including biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. However, in the current increase in the number of food industry facilities, it is necessary to deal with food products that have a negative impact on the environment (food fats). According to some data, the amount of garbage per day can range from a few kilograms to tens of tons. Approximately 90% of diesel biofuels (DBs) are mainly derived from processed oils and raw materials, including fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin that are recyclable. Biofuel is a biologically harmless product. In contact with water, the wine does not harm aquatic flora and fauna. In water or soil, it undergoes almost complete biological decomposition. Combustion of diesel biofuels emits much less carbon dioxide (CO2) than combustion of conventional fuels. Of course, there are drawbacks. First, biofuels have low frost resistance. Undiluted biofuel damages rubber hoses and gaskets. Biofuels have a certain shelf life. Due to increased maintenance costs, deposits can contaminate fuel equipment and filters during operation. Particular attention should be paid to the free glycerin that remains during production. The article considers biofuel production technologies and methods of glycerin removal. The focus is on devices that allow you to remove glycerin mobile. As a result, a faucet was proposed in which a filter was installed to remove residual glycerin and a study of its operation using the FlowVision program was performed. The simulation model of operation of the mixer with reception of indicators of its work is executed.

Competitiveness Assessment of the Fats and Oils Sector in Colombia in 2019: Analysis Based on Financial Indicators

This study assesses the competitiveness of the fats and oils sector in Colombia in 2019 using a peer group approach. The analysis is applied to 13 companies in the sector classified as individual small- and medium-sized enterprises. The main findings were developed considering the reports of the Superintendence of Companies in 2020. The methodology used is a competitiveness analysis supported by financial indicators and the data envelopment analysis under the Charnes, Cooper & Rhones -CCR- model, considering the value of assets and revenues as input and profitability indexes (operating margin, return on assets, and return on equity) as output. The companies that are efficient and should be role models were identified. The main findings were the low attractiveness of the sector with 0.253 (it should be greater than 1 and grow over time), the business success level according to which a company located in the Department of Casanare is the leader, and the relationship between the variables that reflects an average technical efficiency of 0.7162 (on a scale of 0 to 1). Of all the companies, three are referents for the achievement of technical efficiency owing to the best use of the model input resources

Quantitative Policy Analysis for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Technologies

This paper quantifies the impact of different policy options on the economic viability of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production technologies. The pathways considered include isobutanol to jet from corn grain, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) from inedible fats and oils, HEFA from palm fatty acid distillate, synthesized iso-paraffins from sugarcane, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) gasification and synthesis from municipal solid waste, and micro FT from wood residues. The policies considered include feedstock subsidies, capital grants, output based incentives, and two policies intended to reduce project risk. Stochastic techno-economic analysis models are used to quantify the policies’ impact on project net present value and minimum selling price of the middle distillate fuel products. None of the technology pathways studied are found to be financially viable without policy aid. The median total policy costs required for economic viability range from 35 to 337 million USD per production facility, or 0.07–0.71 USD/liter. Our results indicate that the cumulative impact of multiple policies, similar in magnitude to analogous real-world fuel policies, could result in economically viable SAF production.