Influence of the Tree Decay Duration on Mechanical Stability of Norway Spruce Wood (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Wood properties have an influence on the safety around the tree itself as well as on actual possibilities of using wood. The article focuses on the wood properties of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in reference to the time since the tree has decayed. The study was conducted among mature tree stands of spruce in Białowieża Forest, where over the last 10 years there has been a weakening of spruce tree stands due to water deficiency which has contributed to the gradation of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). The study focused on spruce wood of living and healthy specimens as well as the wood of standing trees which has decayed between one and five years before the sample was collected. The findings indicate a gradual decrease in wood properties as time passed since the physiological decay of the tree. Significant differences in the decrease of mechanical wood properties have been observed in trees which had been decayed for 3 years and they should be considered life and health hazard for people and animals.

Image Scaling Using Transform Coding with Quad tree and Huffmann Coding

With the growth of the business sector for digital media resources, for example computerized images and videos, the analysis of pressure methods has evolved. The creation of better quality and less expensive picture handling innovations has added to a continuous development in both picture size and goals, adding to a more prominent impact on the formation of compelling pressure frameworks. Photograph pressure is additionally one of the basic purposes behind the putting away or transmitting of information by means of the contact media. This paper recommended a cutting edge refreshed technique to expand the pressure proportion, the PSNR esteems and the decrease of encoding time. Utilizing change coding with quad tree decay and Huffman coding to authorize picture pressure. Utilizing the limit estimation of 0.2 and Huffman coding for the translating and encoding of picture systems, for example, these, picture pressure was executed. Pinnacle Signal to Noise Ratio and pressure proportion are determined for three kinds of pictures. The trial of the Mat lab investigation show that the Quad tree deterioration technique exhibits point by point change in pressure proportions and PSNR esteems.