A Mountain Summit Recognition Method Based on Improved Faster R-CNN

Mountain summits are vital topographic feature points, which are essential for understanding landform processes and their impacts on the environment and ecosystem. Traditional summit detection methods operate on handcrafted features extracted from digital elevation model (DEM) data and apply parametric detection algorithms to locate mountain summits. However, these methods may no longer be effective to achieve desirable recognition results in small summits and suffer from the objective criterion lacking problem. Thus, to address these problems, we propose an improved Faster region-convolutional neural network (R-CNN) to accurately detect the mountain summits from DEM data. Based on Faster R-CNN, the improved network adopts a residual convolution block to replace the traditional part and adds a feature pyramid network (FPN) to fuse the features with adjacent layers to better address the mountain summit detection task. The residual convolution is employed to capture the deep correlation between visual and physical morphological features. The FPN is utilized to integrate the location and semantic information in the extracted feature maps to effectively represent the mountain summit area. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network could achieve the highest recall and precision without manually designed summit features and accurately identify small summits.

‘Curiosity’, ‘dangerous adventure’, and ‘the perilous point of honour’

This chapter investigates how reaching a mountain summit came to be seen as a meaningful act in the Romantic period. It examines three case studies of texts by pioneering climbers who played significant roles in the development of mountaineering and who can be seen as representatives of different emerging cultures of ascent. Joseph Budworth’s A Fortnight’s Ramble to the Lakes (1792 and 1810) illustrates how mountaineering developed as a ‘curious’ pursuit. William Bingley’s A Tour Round North Wales (1800) and North Wales (1804) reveal how a culture of mountain ‘adventure’ evolved out of the scientific pursuit of botany. John MacCulloch’s The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland (1824) shows the developing conception of mountaineering as a heroic pursuit that enabled those undertaking it to claim a specific identity, articulated particularly through the language of chivalry. The case studies illustrate mountaineering’s development in the Lake District, Snowdonia, and the Scottish Highlands.

A brief concept of Nyegara Gunung: an intertwine of sacred mountain and mystical sea

Many legends, myths, and folktales discuss mountain and its central position for people. From base to top, the mountain summit holds the highest spiritual value, because the place is considered close to heaven. Balinese folk divided the land into three sectors: highland for the immortal beings, mainland for human, and in the dark depth trench, reside spirit of the abyss. Since the beach is the closest area to the underworld, the Balinese forefather avoided spending their time on the coastline. The teaching about the mystical mountain and mythical water have been passed throughout generations and probably become a chief reason for them to respectfully hold their tradition in respecting both the areas. This concept is called Nyegara Gunung. It stands on the truth that the mountain and the sea are part of mother nature that gives tremendous impact on life. Many customs around the globe also share the concept of the sacred mountain as well as a myth about the sea. The folk views environment conservation becomes the primary key to live in harmony. Therefore they stand for anything in regards to keep the nature undisturbed. Through ritual, they express their gratitude to the supreme being as well as to teach their offspring to respect what they have on the island.

CREATIVE IMAGINATION, TRAGIC-POETIC ART AND EDUCATION OF SENSIBILITIES

This article aims to discuss about how creative imagination, tragic art and the education of sensibilities provides images of dreams of flying, ascension and freedom, contributing to the understanding of a poetic education of the child and the adult. The aesthetics of the poems and the literary lessons attest that art educates the sensibilities. We recognize this in Bachelard when he approaches the education-poetics in childhood and in the tragic-poetic art of Nietzsche, according to The Birth of Tragedy and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. In these works, the images are full of dreams of freedom represented in the ascents to the mountain summit, in the pure air breath and in the contemplation of aerial landscapes, which enables the individual -from a privileged position - to become a lover of life, who refuses its heavy side, its dark elements, the melancholy atmosphere, the disseminated Greek serenity. The heights, the silence against the crowd and the noise, as well as "states of soul" - in Bachelard's vision and analysis of the work "Thus spoke Zarathustra" - are at the same time exalted and reveals the dreams of freedom, of ascension and moral elevation. Keywords: Culture. Poetic Education. Aesthetics. Bachelard. Nietzsche.