‘Curiosity’, ‘dangerous adventure’, and ‘the perilous point of honour’

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
Simon Bainbridge
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Mountain Summit ◽  
Specific Identity

This chapter investigates how reaching a mountain summit came to be seen as a meaningful act in the Romantic period. It examines three case studies of texts by pioneering climbers who played significant roles in the development of mountaineering and who can be seen as representatives of different emerging cultures of ascent. Joseph Budworth’s A Fortnight’s Ramble to the Lakes (1792 and 1810) illustrates how mountaineering developed as a ‘curious’ pursuit. William Bingley’s A Tour Round North Wales (1800) and North Wales (1804) reveal how a culture of mountain ‘adventure’ evolved out of the scientific pursuit of botany. John MacCulloch’s The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland (1824) shows the developing conception of mountaineering as a heroic pursuit that enabled those undertaking it to claim a specific identity, articulated particularly through the language of chivalry. The case studies illustrate mountaineering’s development in the Lake District, Snowdonia, and the Scottish Highlands.

The lost Lower Old Red Sandstone of England and Wales: a record of post-Iapetan flexure or Early Devonian transtension?

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. SOPER ◽  
N. H. WOODCOCK
Keyword(s):  
High Heat ◽  
Sediment Provenance ◽  
Lake District ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Slate Belts

Illite crystallinity data from the Silurian slate belts of England and Wales indicate anchizone to low epizone metamorphism during the Acadian deformation in late Early Devonian time. This metamorphic grade implies a substantial overburden, now eroded, of Lower Devonian non-marine sediments of the Old Red Sandstone (ORS) magnafacies. A minimum 3.5 km pre-tectonic thickness of ‘lost’ ORS is estimated in the southern Lake District and comparable thicknesses in North Wales and East Anglia. Tectonically driven subsidence of the underlying Avalonian crust is required to accommodate such thicknesses of non-marine sediment. One proposed mechanism is flexure of the Avalonian footwall during convergence that continued from Iapetus closure in the Silurian until Acadian cleavage formation in the Emsian. The evidence for this model in the critical area of northwest England is reviewed and found to be unconvincing. An alternative model is developed following a recent suggestion that the Early Devonian was a period not of continued convergence but of orogen-wide sinistral transtension. Transtensional accommodation of the lost ORS is evidenced by Early Devonian extensional faults, by synchronous lamprophyric magmatism, and by compatibility with previously diagnosed sediment provenance patterns. A summary of Siluro-Devonian tectonostratigraphy for Britain south of the Highland Border emphasizes that, unlike the Scottish Highlands, this area was not affected by the Scandian Orogeny, but was by the Acadian. An important period of sinistral transtension in the Early Devonian (c.420–400 Ma) was common to both regions. This was a time of high heat flow, lamprophyric and more evolved magmatism, and major southward sediment transport, involving mainly recycled metamorphic detritus from the Highlands and from contemporaneous volcanicity. Old Red Sandstone, deposited in coalescing transtensional basins over much of Britain from the Midland Valley to the Welsh Borders, was largely removed and recycled southward during Acadian inversion.

Consumed Landscapes: Coal, Air and Circulation in the Writings of Catherine Hutton

Romanticism ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134
Author(s):  
Mary-Ann Constantine
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Industrial Expansion ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Iron Foundries

This essay examines a particular nexus of ideas about health and circulation in relation to the practice and the literature of travel and tourism in Romantic-period Britain. Wales, like other ‘picturesque’ destinations, is often envisaged in these writings, and in fiction, as a space of non-metropolitan purity, of clean air, and of health. Yet this is precisely the period of industrial expansion in both south and north Wales, and coal-mines, copper-works, iron foundries and smelting furnaces also figured on many tourist itineraries. Taking as its entry point the novels of Birmingham-based writer Catherine Hutton – particularly The Welsh Mountaineer (1817), which was informed by the author's own experience of travel in north Wales in the late 1790s – the essay sets the familiar trope of travel for a ‘change of air’ against the literal changes to air quality which resulted from Britain's rapid industrialisation in the decades around 1800, revealing some inventive and complex adaptations of contemporary ideas about the effects of ‘pure’ and ‘polluted’ air on human health.

Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Cristian Cantir
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Triangular Relationship ◽  
Identity Protection ◽  
Specific Identity

Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.

V.—Notes on Geological Sections, within Forty Miles Radius of Southport

1883 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
Charles E. De Rance
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Lake District ◽  
North Wales ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
The One ◽  
Carboniferous Limestone ◽  
Sea Coast

Striking a radius of 40 miles from Southport, the line will be seen to intersect the sea-coast near the Silurian districts of Ulverstone in North Lancashire, and Colwyn Bay in North Wales. The succession in both cases is very similar, Denbighshire Grits and Flags of the one area corresponding in time to the Coniston Grits and Flags of the other; and just as the Silurians of the Lake District are overlaid by a fringe of Carboniferous Limestone, so the Silurians of Diganwy are overlaid by the Carboniferous Limestone of the Great and Little Ormes Head. Laid upon a floor of Silurian rocks, the Carboniferous Limestone may be regarded as extending continuously under the Irish Sea, and underlying the various Carboniferous and Triassic rocks now occupying Lancashire.

scholarly journals XX.—A Bathymetrical and Geological Study of the Lakes of Snowdonia and Eastern Carnarvonshire

1905 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Jehu
Keyword(s):  
Geological Survey ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
North Wales ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
The Government ◽  
Geological Research

The study of lakes has received more attention on the Continent than it has in our own country. The inland waters of France and Switzerland have been most carefully surveyed, and in America accurate soundings of many of the lakes have been made by the Geological Surveys. But until recent years this work has been almost altogether neglected in Britain; the Government had considered it to be outside the function of the Ordnance Survey, and though of importance to geological research, it has not been undertaken by the Geological Survey. The absence of adequate knowledge concerning the forms of the basins occupied by the lakes has been a serious obstacle to the geological inquiry as to the mode of origin of these basins. But recently, in the English Lake District and in Scotland, this obstacle has been removed to a great extent through the work of geographers, who have carried out a very complete bathymetrical survey of many of the lakes of those regions; and the importance of this work has been recognised by geologists. But in North Wales not only had no attempt been made to ascertain the configuration of the lake-beds, but in many cases even the depths of the lakes remained unknown.

scholarly journals Sedgwick Museum Notes. A New Azygograptus from North Wales

1922 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrude L. Elles
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Lake District ◽  
North Wales ◽  
The One

The graptolite here described was discovered first in the St. Tudwal's peninsula by Mr. T. C. Nicholas in 1912 in the Llanengan Mudstones, but it was not then regarded as distinct from Azygog. lapworthi, though it seemed to possess certain features not recognizable in the Lake District specimens, the only area from which that species had been previously recorded. The discoveryof numerous other specimens by Dr. Matley in the Lleyn peninsula and by Dr. Greenly in the Bangor area has served to show that the characters wherein this species differed from Azygog. lapworthi are permanent and of specific value, and since, moreover, it occurs at a distinctly higher horizon than Azygog. lapworthi, being characteristic of about the middle of the zone of Didymog. extensus, a description of it seems advisable. In general it has been noted that it is in many respects intermediate in character between Azygog. lapworthi on the one hand and Azygog. suecicus on the other, and it is perhaps significant that it occurs upon an horizon between the two.

The Lichens of High Ground in the English Lake District

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. L. Gilbert ◽  
V. J. Giavarini
Keyword(s):  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
General Account ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lichen Flora

AbstractA general account of the lichens of high-level acid habitats in the Lake District is provided. This is followed by detailed studies of base-rich sites in the Helvellyn range, acid outcrops in Langdale, and three upland tarns, one of which is of outstanding importance. The lichen vegetation is richer than in Snowdonia or the Northern Pennines, but its diversity is considerably less than that of certain individual mountains in the Scottish Highlands. The montane element is interpreted as representing the last remnants of communities that have declined gradually through the Postglacial Period. Many species are extremely rare. Current restraints on the alpine lichen flora include the climate, the predominance of wet, acid rock and heavy sheep grazing. Rhizocarpon simillimum is reported as new to the British lichen flora

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