Analisis Bibliometrik Atas Penelitian Belanja Perpajakan (Tax Expenditures) Menggunakan Aplikasi VOSViewer

Belanja perpajakan menyebabkan berkurangnya penerimaan pajak dari wajib pajak tertentu. Tujuan dari ketentuan belanja perpajakan adalah untuk mencapai tujuan sosial dan tujuan ekonomi. Hal ini telah menarik banyak cendekia untuk melakukan studi terkait belanja perpajakan. Pada penelitian ini, analisis bibliometrik dilakukan atas artikel penelitian yang dipublikasikan di jurnal yang terindeks Scopus selama tahun 2001 – 2021 (periode 20 tahun). Penelusuran artikel menggunakan aplikasi Publish or Perish. Hasil penelusuran diseleksi menggunakan aplikasi Mendeley dan diperoleh 52 artikel. Selanjutnya, artikel terpilih dianalisis dengan aplikasi VOSviewer. Hasil analisis menunjukkan 52 artikel tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat klaster. Keempat klister tersebut mewakili empat arus penelitian belanja perpajakan. Kata kunci yang paling sering muncul di tiap klister adalah ‘spending’, ‘tax expenditure’, ‘contribution’, dan ‘tax credit’. Tax expenditures have reduced government tax revenues from certain group of taxpayers. The purpose of tax expenditure provisions is to achieve social and economic objectives. It has attracted many scholars to conduct studies related to this field. For this work, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on research papers published in Scopus indexed journals during 2001 – 2021 (20 years period). Searching for research papers was done using Publish or Perish software. The results were refined with Mendeley software and 52 articles were obtained. The selected articles were analyzed using VOSviewer software. The results of the analysis showed that the 52 research papers can be grouped into four clusters. The four clusters represent four streams of research in tax expenditures. The keywords that occured most frequently in each cluster were 'spending', 'benefit', 'contribution', and 'tax credit'.

Tax incentives for R&D in the context of the development of fiscal space

The article deals with the main R&D expenditure based tax incentives such as tax credit and enhanced allowances in the context of the development of fiscal space due to their impact on innovative activities of loss-making, small and medium enterprises as well as startups. The author disclosed basic features of R&D expenditure based tax incentives in comparison with tax exemptions and accelerated depreciation. Cross-country comparisons in OECD revealed that it is often a case when SMEs and startups enjoy R&D tax credit and enhanced allowance with higher rates. In addition, they can also claim full reimbursement of unused tax benefits for R&D while large companies can only count on partial or even non-reimbursement of unused tax benefits and limited carry over period. Implied tax subsidy rates on R&D are analyzed through different OECD countries, as well as through enterprises different in size and profitability. In 2019 the largest R&D tax benefits were offered to profitable SMEs in France (ITSR was 43%) and Portugal (ITSR was 39%). The ITSR methodology is used to work out scenarios of introduction of R&D expenditure -based tax incentives in Ukraine. Calculation results are presented. The state of R&D tax incentives in Ukraine in the case of aircraft industry is analyzed. The introduction R&D expenditure -based tax incentives is argued as a replacement of tax exemptions which are currently used as a measure for R&D promotion in the aircraft industry in Ukraine in terms of improvement of R&D tax support efficiency and spur successful development of high value-added industries as an important prerequisite for the development of fiscal space in Ukraine.

Investments in the reproduction of fixed assets of agriculture

Fixed assets are considered to be a part of the property used as means of labor in the production of products or services or for the management of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months. The problem of investing in fixed assets is manifested in the development of investment activities, in the lack and high cost of the necessary sources of investment, in the need for the implementation of economic projects and programs, in the choice and making of effective investment decisions aimed at the reproduction of fixed assets in agriculture in Russia. The increase in the cost of fixed assets will be followed by an increase in payments in the form of the property tax to the budget. The increase in profits will also entail an increase in the amounts charged to businesses as taxes. In this case, there is a direct interest of the state. Thus, the expansion of the opportunities for an investment tax credit for the renewal of fixed assets will allow not only to increase payments to the budget but also to form its own source of investment activity at the enterprise in the form of a depreciation reserve.