Crop leaf disease detection and classification using machine learning and deep learning algorithms by visual symptoms: a review

<span lang="EN-US">A Quick and precise crop leaf disease detection is important to increasing agricultural yield in a sustainable manner. We present a comprehensive overview of recent research in the field of crop leaf disease prediction using image processing (IP), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques in this paper. Using these techniques, crop leaf disease prediction made it possible to get notable accuracies. This article presents a survey of research papers that presented the various methodologies, analyzes them in terms of the dataset, number of images, number of classes, algorithms used, convolutional neural networks (CNN) models employed, and overall performance achieved. Then, suggestions are prepared on the most appropriate algorithms to deploy in standard, mobile/embedded systems, Drones, Robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). We discussed the performance measures used and listed some of the limitations and future works that requires to be focus on, to extend real time automated crop leaf disease detection system.</span>

Hypothesis Formalization: Empirical Findings, Software Limitations, and Design Implications

Data analysis requires translating higher level questions and hypotheses into computable statistical models. We present a mixed-methods study aimed at identifying the steps, considerations, and challenges involved in operationalizing hypotheses into statistical models, a process we refer to as hypothesis formalization . In a formative content analysis of 50 research papers, we find that researchers highlight decomposing a hypothesis into sub-hypotheses, selecting proxy variables, and formulating statistical models based on data collection design as key steps. In a lab study, we find that analysts fixated on implementation and shaped their analyses to fit familiar approaches, even if sub-optimal. In an analysis of software tools, we find that tools provide inconsistent, low-level abstractions that may limit the statistical models analysts use to formalize hypotheses. Based on these observations, we characterize hypothesis formalization as a dual-search process balancing conceptual and statistical considerations constrained by data and computation and discuss implications for future tools.

Immigrant students and global education

Research on immigrant students in higher education often articulates a deficit narrative emphasizing the challenges immigrant students face in comparison to their native-born peers. In education for global competence, however, immigrant students’ life experiences give them a potential advantage. This study investigated whether project-based learning designed to take advantage of immigrant students’ intercultural life experiences could contribute to the development of global competence among undergraduate students. Developing and teaching a collaborative, project-based course where undergraduate students researched the intercultural experiences of their immigrant peers, researchers measured specific learning outcomes using quantitative and thematic analysis of student research papers and reflective essays. The study concluded that project-based assignments designed to take advantage of immigrant students’ intercultural experiences could yield significant contributions to the global education of immigrant and non-immigrant students alike.

The patent landscape for developing scientometric library services (as exemplified by the discipline of Microbiology)

The author discusses the modern research tools in various domains of science and industry based on integrated assessment of scientometric indicators and patent analysis. Excerpts of microbiological research papers published in Russia and worldwide are included. The data on researchers’ inventive work and publication activities are cited. The possibility for using patent landscapes in assessing research and industrial domains is examined. The author argues that building patent landscapes is a quality tool to identify the most promising vectors of development. He demonstrates that the most research and development activities are concentrated in the countries with the largest numbers of patent applications. In Russia, the government-funded organizations make the key driving force in the scientific studies and technologies in the national microbiology. In analyzing vast data volumes, patent landscapes enable to improve the quality of analysis visualization and get reliable data on the subject of research owing to multidimensional analytical representations. The author insists that building patent landscape services might become one of science libraries’ key functions.

Self-referenced method for the Judd–Ofelt parametrisation of the Eu3+ excitation spectrum

Judd–Ofelt theory is a cornerstone of lanthanides’ spectroscopy given that it describes 4fn emissions and absorptions of lanthanide ions using only three intensity parameters. A self-referenced technique for computing Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters from the excitation spectra of Eu3+-activated luminescent materials is presented in this study along with an explanation of the parametrisation procedure and free user-friendly web application. It uses the integrated intensities of the 7F0 → 5D2, 7F0 → 5D4, and 7F0 → 5L6 transitions in the excitation spectrum for estimation and the integrated intensity of the 7F0 → 5D1 magnetic dipole transition for calibration. This approach facilitates an effortless derivation of the Ω6 intensity parameter, which is challenging to compute precisely by Krupke’s parametrisation of the emission spectrum and, therefore, often omitted in published research papers. Compared to the parametrisation of absorption spectra, the described method is more accurate, can be applied to any material form, and requires a single excitation spectrum.

Retrospection of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on the sustainability in contemporary scientific literature 2015 to 2020

As the nations united for urgent solutions during urgent times as per the direction of United Nation on Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), the present study attempts to explore the existing literature reviews on KAP towards sustainability in various sectors. People wish to adopt to the sustainability in order to chime in with the nature and its systems as it will contribute positively to them. Research papers related to this study are gathered from the potential sources, organised and sequenced to understand the most, moderate and least addresses sector. Within the review the researcher provides a snapshot of the methodology and findings of each study. The sectors to be focused more in the future studies are agriculture, construction and banking.

A REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE OF SHIRODHARA AND ITS PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION

Shirodhara is one of the four types of Murdha Taila, which involves a continuous impact of medicated oil due to gravity flow from a dhara pot at the height of 4 angulas through a wick on the forehead of the subject at a controlled temperature for a prolonged duration (approx. 30-45 min.). In today’s era, unhealthy lifestyle, stress, and anxiety lead to many problems like insomnia, headache, facial paralysis, scalp psoriasis, hair fall etc. There is a need for time to find out the safe and effective treatment modalities to combat these challenges from the treasures of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, many Samhitas have mentioned procedural outcomes, but their mode of action is not mentioned anywhere. So a review study was conducted, and various Samhitas, Nighantus, research papers, scientific journals, and modern books were considered.

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON PUSHKARMOOLADI YOGA IN SHWASA ROGA

Shwasa is a disease of Pranavaha strotas. It is clinically correlated with bronchial asthma. Symptoms of Shwasa are nearly similar to Bronchial Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Pushkarmoladi yoga is described in Yoga Ratnakara and Bhaishjya Ratnavali. This yoga contains Pushkarmoola, Pippali, Dhanvayasa, Karkatshringi and Ativisha. This study was conducted to know the efficacy of Pushkarmoola diyoga in Shwasa (Bronchial Asthma). The literary review was performed by a collection of material related to the clinical efficacy of Pushkarmooladiyoga with the help of several essential Ayurvedic and Modern textbooks, Research papers and journals. Pushkarmooladi yoga shows bronchodilator property by relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and antimicrobial activity against various gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria, which are responsible for Shwasa and have antioxidant properties due to the presence of the particular phenolic compound in its ingredients.