Efficacy of Transcranial Motor Evoked Potential Monitoring During Intra- and Extramedullary Spinal Cord Tumor Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Study of the Monitoring Committee of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research

Study Design: Multicenter prospective study. Objectives: Although intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT) and extramedullary SCT (EMSCT) surgeries carry high risk of intraoperative motor deficits (MDs), the benefits of transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring are well-accepted; however, comparisons have not yet been conducted. This study aimed to clarify the efficacy of TcMEP monitoring during IMSCT and EMSCT resection surgeries. Methods: We prospectively reviewed TcMEP monitoring data of 81 consecutive IMSCT and 347 EMSCT patients. We compared the efficacy of interventions based on TcMEP alerts in the IMSCT and EMSCT groups. We defined our alert point as a TcMEP amplitude reduction of ≥70% from baseline. Results: In the IMSCT group, TcMEP monitoring revealed 20 true-positive (25%), 8 rescue (10%; rescue rate 29%), 10 false-positive, a false-negative, and 41 true-negative patients, resulting in a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 80%. In the EMSCT group, TcMEP monitoring revealed 20 true-positive (6%), 24 rescue (7%; rescue rate 55%), 29 false-positive, 2 false-negative, and 263 true-negative patients, resulting in a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 90%. The most common TcMEP alert timing was during tumor resection (96% vs. 91%), and suspension surgeries with or without intravenous steroid administration were performed as intervention techniques. Conclusions: Postoperative MD rates in IMSCT and EMSCT surgeries using TcMEP monitoring were 25% and 6%, and rescue rates were 29% and 55%. We believe that the usage of TcMEP monitoring and appropriate intervention techniques during SCT surgeries might have predicted and prevented the occurrence of intraoperative MDs.

Surgeon-directed transcranial motor evoked potential spinal cord monitoring in spinal deformity surgery

Aims Spinal deformity surgery carries the risk of neurological injury. Neurophysiological monitoring allows early identification of intraoperative cord injury which enables early intervention resulting in a better prognosis. Although multimodal monitoring is the ideal, resource constraints make surgeon-directed intraoperative transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring a useful compromise. Our experience using surgeon-directed TcMEP is presented in terms of viability, safety, and efficacy. Methods We carried out a retrospective review of a single surgeon’s prospectively maintained database of cases in which TcMEP monitoring had been used between 2010 and 2017. The upper limbs were used as the control. A true alert was recorded when there was a 50% or more loss of amplitude from the lower limbs with maintained upper limb signals. Patients with true alerts were identified and their case history analyzed. Results Of the 299 cases reviewed, 279 (93.3%) had acceptable traces throughout and awoke with normal clinical neurological function. No patient with normal traces had a postoperative clinical neurological deficit. True alerts occurred in 20 cases (6.7%). The diagnoses of the alert group included nine cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) (45%) and six of congenital scoliosis (30%). The incidence of deterioration based on diagnosis was 9/153 (6%) for AIS, 6/30 (20%) for congenital scoliosis, and 2/16 (12.5%) for spinal tuberculosis. Deterioration was much more common in congenital scoliosis than in AIS (p = 0.020). Overall, 65% of alerts occurred during rod instrumentation: 15% occurred during decompression of the internal apex in vertebral column resection surgery. Four alert cases (20%) awoke with clinically detectable neurological compromise. Conclusion Surgeon-directed TcMEP monitoring has a 100% negative predictive value and allows early identification of physiological cord distress, thereby enabling immediate intervention. In resource constrained environments, surgeon-directed TcMEP is a viable and effective method of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. Level of evidence: III Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(3):547–552.