Austronesia

While the Austronesian family is large, the main focus of this chapter is on the languages of the Philippines and Indonesia as very little is known about other parts of the family. In the languages analysed to date, intonational targets are often anchored to the edges rather than to metrically strong syllables, most intonational phrases ending with a major pitch excursion within a two- or three-syllable window. These languages often also lack evidence for word-based prominence (lexical stress), but in Philippine languages vowel length distinctions are phonemic and mobile, which is cross-linguistically unusual. Deviating from this general picture, languages in the southern half of Sulawesi and possibly further east tend to show word-based prominence on the penultimate syllable, with significant variation as to which clitics enter into the stress window. Lexical tone is only attested in small subgroups scattered across the area and generally due to language contact.

Generation of cycle picture languages using sequential spiking neural P system

Spiking Neural P Systems (SN P Systems) is a bio-inspired computing model, abstracting the model of brain in processing information using spikes and neurons. The theoretical study of the model has proved that it can compute sets of positive numbers, Boolean functions and string languages. Cycle picture language is a set of pictures obtained using cycle grammar and chain code representation. In this paper we aim to compute the cycle picture languages using a variant of SN P system namely, Sequential SN P System using neurons and spiking rules. We compute the cycle picture language of sequence of chains.

Recognizability of Tetrahedral Picture Languages

In two dimensions, tiling the plane plays a vital role. Many picture generative models were attempted to tile the three dimensional space. A. Dharani et al. [6] introduced a new theoretical picture generative model to tile a three dimensional space using tetrahedral tile in two different ways namely Sequential Space Filling Grammar (SSFG) and Parallel Space Filling Grammar (PSFG). Local and recognizable tetrahedral picture languages are introduced in this paper and some of its properties are studied.