A Study of GD′- Implications, a New Hyper Class of Fuzzy Implications

In this paper, we introduce and study the GD′-operations, which are a hyper class of the known D′-operations. GD′-operations are in fact D′-operations, that are generated not only from the same fuzzy negation. Similar with D′-operations, they are not always fuzzy implications. Nevertheless, some sufficient, but not necessary conditions for a GD′-operation to be a fuzzy implication, will be proved. A study for the satisfaction, or the violation of the basic properties of fuzzy implications, such as the left neutrality property, the exchange principle, the identity principle and the ordering property will also be made. This study also completes the study of the basic properties of D′-implications. At the end, surprisingly an unexpected new result for the connection of the QL-operations and D-operations will be presented.

Beyond Xenophilia

This essay responds to Jeffrey Perl’s introduction to a long-term project of Common Knowledge titled “Xenophilia: Symposium on Xenophobia’s Contrary.” (Perl’s introduction, “Self-Identity and Ambivalence,” appears in CK 23, no. 2 [May 2017]: 225–31.) Responding to a cue from Perl, Albera undertakes an archaeology of the intellectual tools that produced the unstable antinomy of the terms xenophilia and xenophobia. Despite the appearance of antiquity conferred by the Greek roots of both terms, they are the product of a fairly recent and quintessentially modern dynamic. They integrate tacit assumptions of a modern nationalist posture that produces fixed identities and categorizations. Instead of this compromised pair of terms, Albera offers philoxenia, with its distinct genealogy, as it delimits a reciprocal commitment to hospitality, which is pragmatic and relatively unproblematic, rather than a demand for love or an expectation of loathing. The concept of xenophilia presupposes an abstract category—the xenos—that it regards as anterior to, and independent of, any concrete determinations, while philoxenia understands the xenos to be a quite specific individual. Philoxenia, moreover, does not subscribe to the identity principle: the alien, in the relationship known as philoxenia, is not conceived as differing radically from oneself or even as being self-identical or coherent. And finally, while the xenophile’s feelings tend to oscillate between supposedly coherent cultural positions, philoxenia is characterized by ambiguity, which produces none of the symptoms engendered by the ambivalence of xenophilia.

A Byzantine Logician’s “Image” within the Second Iconoclastic Controversy. Theodore the Studite

The paper is devoted to the reconstruction of the “iconophilistic” logic theory built by Theodore the Studite in his pro-icon writings during the “scholastic” period of the Second Iconoclasm Christological controversy. We argue that Theodore the Studite invented the non-Aristotelian identity distinction and implemented the two types of identity (the identity of nature and the identity of hypostasis) within his Christological argumentation, demonstrating how the contradictory properties of the two natures of Christ should be accepted consistently. The main issue of the present paper is to discuss the examples of non-classical logical thinking undertaken by Theodore the Studite, which are devoted to the description of how the identity principle should work, why the icon principle is self-referential, and why the duality of the properties of Christ should be accepted by all Christians in order to be iconophiles and logically correct at the same time.

Did the medieval philosophers admit the identity principle as prior to the principle of non-contradiction?

The present article deals with the not very common opinion among medieval philosophers according to which the identity principle (ens est ens) is the true first principle, undermining the primacy of the principle of non-contradiction. Following a refutation of this position in the logical work of the Franciscan Geraldus Odonis, we intend to investigate its target as well as other cases of the same dispute in 14th century authors: Antoine Andre, John of Buridan, John of Baconthorpe and Nicolas of Autrecourt. We defend that Odonis presents a successful response to this position. *** Os filósofos medievais admitiam o princípio de identidade como primeiro ao princípio de não contradição? ***Este artigo aborda uma opinião pouco comum entre os filósofos medievais, segundo a qual o princípio de identidade (ens est ens) é o verdadeiro primeiro princípio, enfraquecendo a primazia do princípio de não-contradição. Seguindo uma refutação dessa posição na obra lógica do franciscano Geraldo Odonis, pretendemos investigar seu alvo, além de outros casos da mesma disputa em autores do século XIV: Antônio André, João de Baconthorpe e Nicolás de Autrecourt. Defendemos que Odonis apresenta uma resposta satisfatória à posição mencionada.Palavras-Chave Palavras chave: Princípio de não-contradição, identidade, lógica, Geraldo Odon, Antônio André, João de Baconthorpe e Nicolás de Autrecourt.

Enhancing the Therapy Experience Using Principles of Video Game Design

Purpose This article considers the potential benefits that applying design principles from contemporary video games may have on enhancing therapy experiences. Method Six principles of video game design are presented, and their relevance for enriching clinical experiences is discussed. Results The motivational and learning benefits of each design principle have been discussed in the education literature as having positive impacts on student motivation and learning and are related here to aspects of clinical practice. The essential experience principle suggests connecting all aspects of the experience around a central emotion or cognitive connection. The discovery principle promotes indirect learning in focused environments. The risk-taking principle addresses the uncertainties clients face when attempting newly learned skills in novel situations. The generalization principle encourages multiple opportunities for skill transfer. The reward system principle directly relates to the scaffolding of frequent and varied feedback in treatment. Last, the identity principle can assist clients in using their newly learned communication skills to redefine self-perceptions. Conclusion These principles highlight areas for research and interventions that may be used to reinforce or advance current practice.

Generating Implications from One-Variable Functions

In this paper, we firstly introduce two new classes of fuzzy implications generated from one-variable functions, called [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-implications, respectively. Then we give a series of necessary and sufficient conditions that these implications satisfy: left neutrality property, identity principle, ordering principle, law of contraposition, modus ponens and modus tollens, respectively. We also discuss the relations between [Formula: see text]- implication ([Formula: see text]-implications, respectively) and other known classes of fuzzy implications.