Who Participates?

Casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs) have been the focus of numerous research studies during the past two decades. These relationships and experiences are especially prevalent and important during emerging adulthood. This chapter evaluates these CSREs within which sexuality occurs during emerging adulthood. In addition to examining historical patterns in CSRE engagement, the chapter focuses on specific individual characteristics that are related to CSRE engagement and responses to CSREs, including age, sex/gender, sexual orientation, race, socioeconomic status, educational status, nationality, religion, and alcohol/drug use. This focus on individual characteristics provides a framework for understanding who engages in CSREs during emerging adulthood.

Translating Islamic identity into numbers

This research aims to define various Islamic based identity profile to different individuals by identifying the various degrees of Islamic based identity profile. A scale of measurement in ordinal scale has been used to determine an Islamic based identity profile. The scale is subdivided into three main subsections, namely very rarely, average level and very frequently. By using the scale of measurement on an ordinal scale, it assists in developing a numerical hypothesis that is then used to determine an individual's Islamic based identity profile using the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. Using twenty-four set of questions, the research used the evidence presented to support a given Islamic based identity profile of a specific individual and filtered it using various degrees of probabilities of the evidence theory model, which have aided in proving or validating a particular hypothesis. The questions are divided into three types based on Islamic identity profile which include Fitrah, Khalifah and Din. The conclusion made is that we may be able to easily diagnose an individual’s Islamic based identity profile using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence.

Face Frontalization

Face recognition is generally utilized in PC vision. The majority of the inserted and electronic gadgets are utilizing the face verification for security purposes. FR is utilized to distinguish an individual in a video or advanced picture. To actualize this we have to have a lot of pictures of a specific individual in information base with various face stances and appearances. For this cycle it expends huge memory space to store various pictures of a solitary individual. The info profile picture should coordinate with the picture present in the information base if not the face won't be perceived.Our proposed model will decrease the need of putting away different pictures of a solitary individual. In the event that the information picture is a non-frontal picture, at that point this model will change over that picture into frontal picture. Here info picture will go through a few picture handling procedures. Picture is analog in nature which speak to consistent territory if position and force esteems.

Emotional Rhetoric in Tea Advertising

Drawing on rhetorical and pragmatic (Relevance Theory) approaches to emotions, this article examines claims of cultural and patriotic identity in British tea websites as examples of emotional rhetoric. I hypothesise that such claims operate as persuasive strategies designed to elicit empathy towards the product in potential consumers and ultimately to persuade them to identify with it. Results indicate that cultural identity in the form of patriotism, understood as social identity, collective memory and a feeling of belonging to or pride in one’s country, can fulfil a threefold creative effect: at a rhetorical level, it contributes to the design of a stylistically pleasing text; at an informative level, it introduces an unexpected or foreign element into the advertisement; and at a pragmatic level, it involves potential addressees in the recovery of a message that can be tailored to suit their specific individual experiences.

Gimme’s ability to recover group-level path coefficients and individual-level path coefficients

The growing availability of intensive longitudinal data has increased psychological researchers' interest in ideographic-statistical methods that, for example, reveal the contemporaneous or lagged associations between different variables for a specific individual. However, when researchers assess several individuals, the results of such models are difficult to generalize across individuals. Researchers recently suggested an algorithm called GIMME, which allows for the identification of coefficients that exist across all individuals (group-level coefficients) or are specific to one or a subgroup of individuals (individual-level coefficients). In three simulation studies we investigated GIMME's performance in recovering group-level and individual-level coefficients. For the former, we found that GIMME performed well when the magnitude of the parameters was moderate to high and when the number of measurements was sufficiently large. However, GIMME had problems detecting individual-level coefficients or coefficients that occurred for a subset of individuals from the whole sample.

Predicting compliance with COVID-19 containing measures using context-specific and dispositional individual differences: The particular role of individual’s sense of responsibility for collective health

In this research, we examined whether context-specific individual differences would allow for a better prediction of pandemic-related attitudes and behavior than non-specific dispositional traits. In Study 1, we introduced a context-specific measure of individual differences in the sense of responsibility for collective health (SRCH) and compared its ability to predict the acceptance of pandemic-related restrictions, with that of pandemic-related worries considered as a context-specific but self-oriented tendency and with two dispositional traits, i.e., grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Only SRCH and pandemic-related worries uniquely predicted the acceptance of restrictions. In Study 2, we examined whether SRCH predicted increased hygiene and social distancing during pandemic better than narcissistic traits and pandemic worries, as well as social responsibility personal values—an others-oriented disposition. The results showed that SRCH explained most of the unique variance in social distancing, whereas pandemic-related worries uniquely predicted most of the variance in hygiene practices. Of the dispositional traits, only social responsibility personal values predicted a unique portion of the variance in social distancing, whereas narcissistic traits added no incremental value in predicting any of the precautionary measures. The results of both studies indicate that context-specific individual differences are robust predictors of compliance with COVID-19 mitigating measures.

Social distancing decreases an individual’s likelihood of contracting COVID-19

Past research has established the value of social distancing as a means of deterring the spread of COVID-19 largely by examining aggregate level data. Locales in which efforts were undertaken to encourage distancing experienced reductions in their rate of transmission. However, these aggregate results tell us little about the effectiveness of social distancing at the level of the individual, which is the question addressed by the current research. Four months after participating in a study assessing their social distancing behavior, 2,120 participants indicated whether they had contracted COVID-19. Importantly, the assessment of social distancing involved not only a self-report measure of how strictly participants had followed social distancing recommendations but also a series of virtual behavior measures of social distancing. These simulations presented participants with graphical depictions mirroring specific real-world scenarios, asking them to position themselves in relation to others in the scene. Individuals’ social distancing behavior, particularly as assessed by the virtual behavior measure, predicted whether they contracted COVID-19 during the intervening 4 mo. This was true when considering only participants who reported having tested positively for the virus and when considering additional participants who, although untested, believed that they had contracted the virus. The findings offer a unique form of additional evidence as to why individuals should practice social distancing. What the individual does matters, not only for the health of the collective, but also for the specific individual.

With group power comes great (individual) responsibility

When a group does harm, sometimes there’s no obvious individual who bears moral responsibility, and yet we still intuit that someone is to blame. This apparent ‘deficit’ of moral responsibility has led some scholars to posit that groups themselves can be responsible, and that this responsibility is distributed in some uniform fashion among group members. This solution to the deficit, however, risks providing a scapegoat for individuals who have acted wrongly and shifting blame onto those who have not. Instead, this article argues that, in most deficit cases, moral responsibility is borne not by the group but by specific individual members. When an individual acts within a group, she gains an increased potential for doing harm – and, accordingly, heightened duties of care toward others. These duties can, depending on the individual’s position, require amending the group’s rules, procedures, and norms. In most deficit cases, it is individuals who have failed to fulfill these duties who are responsible.