Bank Foreign Direct Investment in Indian Economy: A Theoretical Review

The study's primary objective is to understand the evolution of foreign direct investment theories (FDI) and identify the application theories in bank FDI from the literature. Based on the pattern of investment, FDI can be classified as greenfield and brownfield investment. Both types of investments yield profits, so the study attempted to answer why greenfield FDI, i.e., foreign banks invest by opening their branches and offices in the host economy. The study reviewed literature focused on bank FDI determinants in host economies and discussed it in the Indian context. The study found that primary reasons for greenfield FDI are India's locational advantages, such as profit opportunity and already present home clients in India.

Cost of survivorship care and adherence to screening—aligning the priorities of health care systems and survivors

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) experience significant morbidity due to treatment- related late effects and benefit from late-effects surveillance. Adherence to screening recommendations is suboptimal. Survivorship care programs often struggle with resource limitations and may benefit from understanding institution-level financial outcomes associated with patient adherence to justify programmatic development and growth. The purpose of this study is to examine how CCS adherence to screening recommendations relates to the cost of care, insurance status, and institution-level financial outcomes. A retrospective chart review of 286 patients, followed in a structured survivorship program, assessed adherence to the Children’s Oncology Group follow-up guidelines by comparing recommended versus performed screening procedures for each patient. Procedure cost estimates were based on insurance status. Institutional profit margins and profit opportunity loss were calculated. Bivariate statistics tested adherent versus nonadherent subgroup differences on cost variables. A generalized linear model predicted the likelihood of adherence based on cost of recommended procedures, controlling for age, gender, race, and insurance. Adherence to recommended surveillance procedures was 50.2%. Nonadherence was associated with higher costs of recommended screening procedures compared to the adherent group estimates ($2,469.84 vs. $1,211.44). Failure to perform the recommended tests resulted in no difference in reimbursement to the health system between groups ($1,249.63 vs. $1,211.08). For the nonadherent group, this represented $1,055.13 in “lost profit opportunity” per visit for patients, which totaled $311,850 in lost profit opportunity due to nonadherence in this subgroup. In the final model, nonadherence was related to higher cost of recommended procedures (p < .0001), older age at visit (p = .04), Black race (p = .02), and government-sponsored insurance (p = .03). Understanding institutional financial outcomes related to patient adherence may help inform survivorship care programs and resource allocation. Potential financial burden to patients associated with complex care recommendations is also warranted.

The Wolf and The Caribou: Coexistence of Decentralized Economies and Competitive Market

Starting with BitTorrent and then Bitcoin, decentralized technologies have been on the rise over the last 15+ years, gaining significant momentum in the last 2+ years with the advent of platform ecosystems such as the Blockchain platform Ethereum. New projects have evolved from decentralized games to marketplaces to open funding models to decentralized autonomous organizations. The hype around cryptocurrency and the valuation of innovative projects drove the market cap of cryptocurrencies to over a trillion dollars at one point in 2017. These high valued technologies are now enabling something new: globally scaled, decentralized business models. Despite their valuation and the hype, these new business ecosystems are frail. This is not only because the underlying technology is rapidly evolving, but also because competitive markets see a profit opportunity in exponential cryptocurrency returns. This extracts value from these ecosystems, which could lead to their collapse, if unchecked. In this paper, we explore novel ways for decentralized economies to protect themselves from, and coexist with competitive markets at a global scale utilizing decentralized technologies such as Blockchain.

Foreign Exchange Risk and Profit Improvement in the Comprehensive Profit Opportunity and Lost Opportunity Control Model

The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of foreign exchange risks on manufacturing activities (<em>monozukuri</em> in Japanese) and the function of derivatives as a countermeasure against such risk from the viewpoint of management accounting. From this perspective, we examine the Comprehensive Profit Opportunity and Lost Opportunity Control (COLC) model, discussed previously in this journal, and further its practical development and application. To this end, this paper first clarifies the actual situations of major Japanese manufacturing companies in terms of foreign exchange fluctuation earnings and derivative instruments (including hedge accounting). Then, after investigation of the prior research on the interrelation between risk management and management accounting, we theoretically analyze the relations between risks, derivatives, and hedge accounting from the synthetic viewpoint of profit opportunity, risk, and opportunity cost. As a result, this analysis can play an important role in outlining the landscape in which business strategy and enterprise risk management align, both proactively and reflectively, with contemporary management accounting.

Innovative Repair of a Holed Through Pressure Vessel

A trayed column at an operating facility suffered a loss of containment incident and was shut down. The damage to the steel is thought to have been caused by loose tray components which rattled around and eventually wore through the shell. An initial repair plan involving welded repairs was proposed. This plan would entail a field post weld heat treat (PWHT) due to the process environment of the vessel. Upon further developing the PWHT plan it was determined that this approach was costly and would have excessive lost profit opportunity (LPO) due to the time it would take to execute and the criticality of this vessel to plant operations. Instead, a second approach involving no field welding was devised, vetted, fabricated, and implemented. The facility was able to restart the process, saving several days of production. A permanent repair or replacement will be planned and implemented at the next planned shutdown.