Pemilihan Kualitas Gambir dengan Multi-Objective Optimization on The Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA)

Gambier (gambir plantae) is an half of perdu plantation which in separated in several regions of Indonesia. It is especially live in Sumatra, Java, Maluku, and Burneo. In West Sumatra province, gambir is used to component for menyirih (betle) and also the farmer of gambir asproduction as. It is reserving from hot water. Extraction come from the leaves and twigs of gambir in depositor forms, then printed and then turned into dried forms. The gambir farmers usually sell their productions to the collectors with a certaibty prices. Gambir has many qualities based from it processing, catechin contains, colors, ash contains, water contains, and also its density. Some its barries often occurs from the gambir processing being into product, which a minusly quality suffers, that cause gambir price in decrease or not to expensive conditions in the market by using support decision by Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA) methode is a multi objektives system from which can be optimated some atributes whom contradicting each other in simultaneously, either lost profit (cost) or getting profit (benefit), the system using these methode used to choose some gambir qualified form for determine its price. These data of sample taken form Pesisir Selatan gambir, which the research result farmed that gambier ranked can be as support as some decisions to make the best gambir as price decision as. Form theseresearch could be conclude that the best gambir have an higher catechin contains, low water contains, a slightly ash contains, with a yellowish skin, and have as highest as density. Based on the data of sample of research, the best gambier in qualified in getting from Siam and pian with the grade in 0.163 with the good one criteria condition. From gambier standardization, all of gambier which have upper grade standars, qualified into good gambier quality, gambier with high quality or good can give an expensive price that encourages some gambir farmers in motivation to process gambir product being increase gambier quality that can be improve the price selling gambir as well as the purchase of gambier products.

EFFICIENCY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IN RABBIT BREEDING TECHNOLOGY

Objective. Evaluate the efficiency and calculate the economic feasibility of using a new strain of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus sp. 13/2 in rabbit breeding technology under industrial conditions. Methods. Microbiological, economical, statistical. Results. The average weight of animals at the end of fattening was almost the same in both groups. However, when using a strain of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus sp. 13/2 in rabbit breeding technology, lower mortality rate in young animals and reduction of feed costs for their fattening was reported in comparison with the control. In the experimental group, animal mortality rate was 2.94 % versus 12.5 % in the control group, the average feed consumption for fattening per 1 kg of live weight gain decreased by 9 %. A positive economic effect in the experimental group was observed when the cost of sales increased per 1 head by UAH 7.48 (4 %) if the carcass price was UAH 140/kg. At the same time, the prime cost of 1 kg of gain decreased by UAH 1.98 (9 %). Also, the use of lactic acid bacteria reduced the cost of feed consumed per 1 head by UAH 1.77 (5 %) if the cost of feed was UAH 6/kg. Despite the decrease in the profitability of rabbit production by 1.5 %, the use of a new promising strain of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus sp. 13/2 during the fattening of rabbits had a positive effect on the maintenance of livestock, resulting in the decreased lost profit in the experimental group by UAH 277.08 (75 %). In terms of 1 head, the lost profit in the experimental and control groups was UAH 2.79 and UAH 13.99, respectively, due to which the use of lactic acid bacteria is completely regained. Conclusion. The positive effect of the use of Lactobacillus sp. 13/2 in rabbit breeding technology, which is manifested by a reduction in animal mortality and a reduction in feed costs for fattening, was established. The use of lactic acid bacteria helps to increase the economic efficiency of rabbit breeding, especially due to the reduction of lost profits. The economic effect is achieved without significant additional costs. The additional costs associated with the use of lactic acid bacteria are regained.

Auditors' civil liability towards clients under the Jordanian law: Legal and auditing perspectives

Since the emergence of the profession, auditors’ liability is recognized as a controversial and loose debating matter (Flores, 2011). This everlasting issue not only differs among contexts but also differ among the lawsuits. Consequently, as an essential step, this research endeavors to provide a full understanding of the extent and nature of auditors’ legal liability according to the Jordanian relevant regulations. To do so, the authors gain a full capture of the regulation through a qualitative-analytical study. Consequently, the authors found that in Jordan auditors are subject to different standards of proof before the judiciary. Therefore, judges in Jordan are bound to understand the peculiar technical-legal nature of auditors’ liability. Although the Jordanian regulations state clearly that an auditor is obliged to compensate for any realized damage or lost profit incurred as a result of errors committed by him/her, it must be borne in mind that lost profit is not recognized, and therefore, not entitled to compensation under the Jordanian Contract Law. In some cases, auditors’ liability might be increased to one of fitness for intended purposes, instead of reasonable care. Undoubtedly, this paper has serious legal implications in construing the wording of legal provisions and ensuing obligations and liabilities thereof.

The volume effect in cartel cases—a special challenge for damage quantification?

Cartel damage occurs in many different shapes. Actors that are beyond doubt heavily affected by a cartel agreement are the purchasers of the cartel—the direct same as the indirect ones. Economic insights teach us that they do not only suffer damage in the form of the overcharge they paid or of shares of this overcharge that are passed-on to lower levels in the supply chain, but also in the form of the volume effect: a price increase as induced by a cartel agreement leads to a reduction in quantities sold, the consequence of which is typically lost profit—ie the volume effect. Whereas this effect is firmly established in economics, on the legal side it is so far discussed only on a superficial level with legal practice lacking behind in its recognition altogether. This is particularly surprising in the German and Spanish legal order where the highest courts many years ago did recognize the relevance of this damage component in pass-on situations. This article thoroughly analyses the economic and legal perspectives in respect of volume effects.

Methods for the Calculation of the Lost Profit in Construction Contracts

The aim of each investor is to procure the construction work in an efficient and economical way. This goal can be achieved by managing costs from the beginning of the investment process. It is necessary to determine the estimated price of the construction work in all phases of the investment process and not to underestimate the importance of this activity. It is almost a rule that the contractor or investor does not allow sufficient time for the contractor to prepare the construction for good quality, which may lead to insufficient preparation. The consequences of poor construction preparation vary from poorly built construction to litigation over the lost profits of the contractor—and this is the topic we discuss in this paper. The issue of asserting lost profits on the contract by the contractor is the subject of legal disputes between the contractor and the customer of construction work. In such cases, the question becomes the design of a methodology suitable for its calculation. The article deals with the presentation of the existing methods of loss of profit calculation, two of which are applied to the example of litigation from construction practice, with the definition of their results and differences.

Part III The Legal Framework, 9 Damages

This chapter assesses damages actions for competition infringement. The Damages Directive sets out a common legal basis across the EU for the right of those harmed by a competition infringement to sue and quantification of damages. It has been transposed into the UK and incorporated as Schedule 8A of the Competition Act 1989. The Damages Directive gives the national courts the power to estimate the overcharge; requires the European Commission to issue guidelines on the quantification of overcharges and on ‘pass-on to’; and advises that the national courts can request assistance from a willing national competition authority where appropriate to determine quantum. In English law, the position is that damages are compensatory and aim to place the victim in the position they would have been had they not been injured so far as monetary compensation can. There are several heads or types of damages that have so far been claimed: overcharge damages; lost volume or lost profit damages; run-on damages; umbrella damages; cost-based damages; future losses, lost chance, and lost opportunity damages; and aggregate damages in collective actions.

Part V Pass-On, 20 The Law on Pass-on

This chapter assesses the law on pass-on. Pass-on is key to the compensatory objective of antitrust damages. It ensures that claimants along the supply chain are only awarded their losses and not part of the overcharge passed-on in higher charges to their customers. Yet allowing pass-on does not avoid overcompensation and if applied alone would likely ensure that the claimant is under-compensated. This is because pass-on and lost sales are intimately intertwined, at least from an economic perspective. Thus, irrespective of whether pass-on is allowed or disallowed, the claimant suffers an additional loss of profits on the sales not made because its prices are now higher. The Damages Directive allows for a lost profit claim but leaves this to the national laws of the Member States. This is no doubt a policy decision to focus on the prospect of over-compensation rather than the legal principle of full compensation. The European Commission’s Practical Guide and the Pass-on Guidelines on the relationship between pass-on and lost profits due to reduced sales is explicitly recognized.

Financing Schemes and Lost Profit Sharing in Islamic Banking : Challenges and Opportunities

A profit and lost sharing system is an agreement between a financier (shahibul mal) and a capital manager (mudharib) to run a particular economic business with a profit sharing and risk loss scheme. At this time a lot of literature encourages PLS schemes as the main mode of Islamic banking system, but in practice it is avoided. The research aims to theoretically evaluate the causes of PLS ​​contracts in Islamic banking fail to be fully accepted and be excellent for investors in Islamic Banking. The results showed that the use of PLS ​​(mudharabah and musharakah) schemes in Islamic (sharia) Banking in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey and Morocco did show a low percentage of total financing. There are internal factors and external factors that hinder the development of PLS ​​schemes. Internal factors include moral hazard concern from partners, low trust in partners, weak monitoring systems, weak capabilities and collateral from partner companies. While external factors include; public literacy on Islamic banking products, government support, and supervision from regulators. Some of these factors arise because of a misunderstanding of the PLS system. Therefore, it is necessary to reprogram the perception of Shahibul mal and mudarib in the PLS scheme. This research is expected to contribute to the development and improvement of PLS ​​schemes in Islamic Banking.

Universal Model of Lost Profits Calculation

Consequential (or indirect) losses in the form of lost profits are usually suffered and claimed in civil cases of breaches of supply or service contracts, unfair competition, bankruptcy cases, and other instances where a defendant’s wrongful actions cause lost profits to the plaintiff’s performance.In litigation practice, we see a quite different approach, when the lost profits are calculated as gross margin less income tax, and in others – by multiplying the lost revenues by the company’s net profit ratio.Methods of indirect loss calculation applied do not consider the cost structure of the plaintiff and the impact of the variation of variable and fixed costs to the lost profit calculation before and after the wrongful action of the defendant. In case lost revenues would have been received, fixed costs would remain the same, while variable (incremental) costs, which were avoided, would be generated to receive lost revenues.Based on the international experience and practices, this article provides for a Universal Model of lost profits calculation as well as a mathematical formula of the method.

Cost of survivorship care and adherence to screening—aligning the priorities of health care systems and survivors

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) experience significant morbidity due to treatment- related late effects and benefit from late-effects surveillance. Adherence to screening recommendations is suboptimal. Survivorship care programs often struggle with resource limitations and may benefit from understanding institution-level financial outcomes associated with patient adherence to justify programmatic development and growth. The purpose of this study is to examine how CCS adherence to screening recommendations relates to the cost of care, insurance status, and institution-level financial outcomes. A retrospective chart review of 286 patients, followed in a structured survivorship program, assessed adherence to the Children’s Oncology Group follow-up guidelines by comparing recommended versus performed screening procedures for each patient. Procedure cost estimates were based on insurance status. Institutional profit margins and profit opportunity loss were calculated. Bivariate statistics tested adherent versus nonadherent subgroup differences on cost variables. A generalized linear model predicted the likelihood of adherence based on cost of recommended procedures, controlling for age, gender, race, and insurance. Adherence to recommended surveillance procedures was 50.2%. Nonadherence was associated with higher costs of recommended screening procedures compared to the adherent group estimates ($2,469.84 vs. $1,211.44). Failure to perform the recommended tests resulted in no difference in reimbursement to the health system between groups ($1,249.63 vs. $1,211.08). For the nonadherent group, this represented $1,055.13 in “lost profit opportunity” per visit for patients, which totaled $311,850 in lost profit opportunity due to nonadherence in this subgroup. In the final model, nonadherence was related to higher cost of recommended procedures (p < .0001), older age at visit (p = .04), Black race (p = .02), and government-sponsored insurance (p = .03). Understanding institutional financial outcomes related to patient adherence may help inform survivorship care programs and resource allocation. Potential financial burden to patients associated with complex care recommendations is also warranted.