Recent advancements in DAS technology open new ways for borehole-based seismic monitoring of CO2 geosequestration. Compared to 4D surface seismic monitoring, repeated VSP surveys with DAS receivers reduce the cost and invasiveness of time-lapse CO2 monitoring considerably. However, standard borehole imaging techniques cannot provide the same level of reservoir illumination as 3D surface seismic. The performance of VSP imaging can be significantly improved with interferometric utilization of free-surface multiples. We present results of a feasibility study of interferometric imaging with a synthetic walkaway VSP dataset, followed by its application to field walkaway VSP data recorded by conventional borehole geophones and two types of DAS (standard and engineered fibers). Both experiments (synthetic and field) demonstrate that interferometric imaging is a viable method to extend the subsurface image beyond the coverage of standard VSP imaging. Specifically, the interferometry approach provides a more detailed upper section of the subsurface, while standard migration of primary reflections provides a more detailed bottom part of the image. Comparison of the standard and engineered fibers shows that both fibers are sensitive to free-surface multiples, but the engineered fiber provides much higher signal to noise ratio, and thus is preferable for interferometric imaging with multiples. The result obtained with the engineered DAS cable shows that in the depth range suitable for both methods, the VSP interferometric image of reflectors is comparable to the surface seismic image. The experiment on the field DAS data proves that DAS is sensitive enough to record the non-primary wavefield for imaging and monitoring of the subsurface.
P-Wave-Only Inversion of Challenging Walkaway VSP Data for Detailed Estimation of Local Anisotropy and Reservoir Parameters: A Case Study of Seismic Processing in Northern Poland