Feasibility Study on the Use of Infrared Thermography to Classify Fattening Pigs into Feeding Groups According Their Body Composition

Fattening pig husbandry and associated negative environmental impacts due to nitrogen inputs by ammonia emissions are current issues of social discussion. New resource-efficient feeding systems offer great potential to reduce excess nutrient inputs into the environment. Using ultrasound measurements, fattening pigs can be divided into performance groups based on their backfat/muscle ratio to feed them according to their nutritional needs. Ultrasound measurements are not suitable for practical use, so alternatives have to be found. As a non-invasive, contactless method, infrared thermography offers many advantages. This study investigated whether infrared thermography can be used to differentiate between “fat” and “lean” animals. Two evaluation methods with different measurement spot sizes were compared. During a fattening period, 980 pigs were examined three times with an infrared camera. Both methods showed significant differences. Body surface temperature was influenced by factors like measurement spot size and soiling of the animals. Body surface temperature decreased (−5.5 °C), while backfat thickness increased (+0.7 cm) in the course of the fattening period. Significant correlations (R > |0.5|; p < 0.001) between both parameters were found. Differentiation between “fat” and “lean” animals, based on temperature data, was not possible. Nevertheless, the application of thermography should be investigated further with the aim of resource-efficient feeding. The results of this feasibility study can serve as a basis for this.

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN PHOSPAT (PO4) DAN NITRAT (NO3) DI SUNGAI KARANG MUMUS SAMARINDA

Estuary of Karang Mumus River is Mahakam River that used for drinking water substance in around Samarinda Province East Kalimantan. There are communities live along floodplain area and use water in the river for daily activities as the bath, washing, and privy. Karang Mumus River through the urban area with complicated activities. Domestic waste content in Karang Mumus River come from the communities activities. It content nutrition as Phosphate and Nitrate reason booming algae in the tributary. It happens to impact the water pollution since less Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Purpose this research is analysis distribution of Phosphate and Nitrate in Karang Mumus River. The method used surveys as observation, water sampling, and laboratory analysis. Measurement spot is 17 from upstream to downstream. The result Nitrate is excellent but Phospat high on some spot measurement. Especially it happens in part of urban, market and several communities. The highest Nitrate is 2.13 mg/L standard 10 mg/L and highest Phosphate is 0.86 mg/L standard 0.2 mg/L.

AIR POLLUTION BURNING DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOD IN SMALL POWER BOILERS/APLINKOS ORO TARŠA DEGINANT SKIRTINGAS MEDIENOS KURO RŪŠIS MAŽO GALINGUMO KATILUOSE/ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ВОЗДУХА ГАЗОВЫМИ ВЫБРОСАМИ ПРИ СЖИГАНИИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДОВ ДРЕВЕСНОГО ТОПЛИВА В КOТЛAX НEБOЛЬШOЙ МOЩНOCТИ

Experimental investigations have been performed, during which different kinds of wood have been burnt (firewood, wood granules, wood briquettes, sawdust) with the aim to determine the quantities of gases emitted in the air. For the investigation a water boiler burnt by solid fuel with a nominal capacity of 20 kW was applied. For testing gas analyser Testo‐350 was used to measure the quantity of gas dispersed into the air (in carbon monoxide ‐ CO and nitrogen oxides ‐NOx smoke, the quantity of oxygen ‐ O2, the smoke temperature of concentrations in the measurement spot). The quantities of harmful gaseous materials have been measured burning different kinds of wood. The smallest quantities of gaseous materials have been obtained in the process of burning wood granules. The possibility to regulate the combustion process diminishes the gas emission. Santrauka Eksperimentiniu tyrimu metu buvo deginamas ivairiu rūšiu medienos kuras ‐ malkos, granules, briketai ir pjuvenos, siekiant nustatyti degimo metu i aplinkos ora išsiskiriančiu duju kiekius. Tyrimams naudotas kietojo kuro vandens šildymo katilas, skirtas ivairioms patalpoms šildyti, kurio nominalusis galingumas 20 kW. Bandymo metu duju analizatoriumi Testo‐350 išmatuotos degimo metu i aplinkos ora išsiskiriančiu duju ‐ anglies monoksido (CO), azoto oksidu (NOx) koncentracijos dūmuose, deguonies (O2) kiekis, taip pat dūmu temperatūra koncentraciju matavimo vietoje. Išanalizuoti išsiskyrusiu degimo metu dujiniu teršalu kiekiai deginant skirtingas medienos kuro rūšis. Mažiausiai dujiniu medžiagu, palyginti su kitomis medienos kuro rūšimis, susidaro deginant granules. Galimybe reguliuoti granuliu degimo procesa sumažina išmetamu duju kieki. Резюме Проведены экспериментальные исследования сжигания различных видов древесного топлива – дров, гранул, брикетов, опилок – с целью установить количество попадающих в атмосферу газовых выбросов, образующихся во время сжигания. Для эксперимента использован водяной котел, подогреваемый твердым топливом. Мощность котла – 20 kW. Газовые выбросы, попадающие в атмосферу в процессе горения, измерялись газовым анализатором Testo-350. Установлены концентрации CO и NOx в дымовом потоке, количество O2 , температура дыма в местах измерения концентраций. Проанализированы количественные показатели газовых выбросов, образовавшихся при сжигании различных видов древесины. Наименьшее количество газовых выбросов по сравнению с другими видами древесного топлива образуется при сжигании древесных гранул. Возможность регулировать процесс сжигания гранул уменьшает эмисcию газов.