The Ethnographic Approach in the Digital Scenario

In this chapter, the goal is to formalize the main differences between the applications of ethnographic techniques when they are framed in virtual or digital methods. To be more systematic in presenting these differences, a synoptic table will be offered. This table will examine the main breaking points between the methods and will be used to organize a marked comparison between studies chosen from the most cited articles of the last 20 years. In addition to testing the effectiveness of the proposed classification scheme, the purpose of the comparison conducted between the most cited articles will be to highlight where the changes that have occurred can lead to advances in the method and where these changes have become new limits on which it is necessary to continue to reflect in order to develop the methods involved and place them clearly in line with the evolution of the digital scenario.

Cordana sinensis sp. nov. from southern China

A new species, Cordana sinensis, is described and illustrated from a specimen collected on dead branches of an unidentified broadleaf tree in Jiangxi Province, China. It is characterized by its integrated, polyblastic conidiogenous cells that produce ovoid to obclavate, medially 1–2-septate pale brown, smooth conidia with a slightly prominent hilum. A dichotomous key and a synoptic table to Cordana species, are provided.

Virtual vs Digital: Examples of Netnography and Digital Ethnography in Tourism Studies for a Comparison between Methods

With this paper our goal is to formalize the main differences between the applications of ethnographic techniques when they are framed in Virtual or Digital Methods. To be more systematic in presenting these differences, a synoptic table is offered. This table examines the main breaking points between the methods and is used to organize a marked comparison between two tourism studies chosen as being representative; one for the ethnographic application of Virtual Methods, and one for the ethnographic application of Digital Methods. In addition to testing the effectiveness of the proposed classification scheme, the purpose of the comparison conducted between the two tourism studies is to highlight where the changes that have occurred can lead to advances in the method and where these changes have become new limits on which it is necessary to continue to reflect in order to develop the methods involved and place them clearly in line with the evolution of the digital scenario. Keywords: Virtual Methods, Digital Methods, Netnography, Digital Ethnography, Tourism Studies.

Teratospermopsis gen. nov. for Chaetendophragmia protuberata, with a taxonomic review of Teratosperma

Teratospermopsis is proposed as a new genus for Chaetendophragmia protuberata [= Teratosperma microsporum]. The genus has acrogenous, solitary, euseptate conidia seceding schizolytically from monoblastic, integrated, terminal, annellidic conidiogenous cells. The conidia are obclavate, smooth, and with an apical cell with a filiform appendage and a basal cell with a lateral appendage. A key and a synoptic table to six accepted Teratosperma species accompany comments on four rejected or dubious species, including T. macrosporum [= Endophragmiella macrospora comb. nov.].

A Inconstância do Mundo. Brevíssimos Apontamentos sobre Identificações Socioculturais e seus Eixos

O artigo parte do princípio de que a literatura já acumulada abrange tantos materiais etnográficos e propostos teóricas que seja preciso um esforço para sistematizar esse conhecimento. Desse modo, a chamada “construção social da realidade” é bastante conhecida, no entanto, suas implicações não são suficientemente levadas em conta nos nossos esforços antropológicos. Portanto, se discute aqui alguns aspectos da ‘sociocriação da realidade sociocultural’, em particular, alguns aspectos selecionados da “inconstância do mundo”, para em seguida discutir a classificação social, no sentido geral, e oferecer um quadro sinóptico da “identificação e seus eixos de contínuos”. O quadro sinóptico resume uma grande literatura (impossível de ser citada toda), ensejando abstrair a complexidade real de um processo afeto-cognitivo fundamental e contribuir para a metodologia e teoria de análises futuras. Nesse sentido, essa contribuição visa oferecer uma sistematização, no nível bem abstrata e teórica e bem limitada, do processo da classificação sociocultural humana. The Inconstancy of the World. Brief Notes on Socio-Cultural Identifications and their AxesAbstract: The article assumes that the literature already accumulated encompasses so many ethnographic materials and theoretical proposals that an effort is needed to systematize this knowledge. In this way, the so-called “social construction of reality” is well known, however, its implications are not sufficiently taken into account in our anthropological efforts. Therefore, it discusses here some aspects of the “socio-cultural creation of the socio-cultural reality”, in particular, some selected aspects of the “inconstancy of the world”, to then discuss the social classification, in a general sense, and offer a synoptic picture of the “identification and their continuum axes ”. The synoptic table summarizes a great literature (impossible to be cited all), giving the opportunity to abstract the real complexity of a fundamental affective-cognitive process and to contribute to the methodology and theory of future analyzes. In this sense, this contribution aims to offer a systematization, at the very abstract and theoretical and very limited level, of the human socio-cultural classification process.Keywords: Reality; Partner-Creation; Classification; Identification Axes.

Varioseptispora chinensis gen. & sp. nov., V. apicalis nom. nov., V. hodgkissii comb. nov., and V. versiseptatis comb. nov.

Varioseptispora chinensis, a new genus and species, collected on decaying twigs of unidentified plants in Hainan, China, is described and illustrated. The genus is characterized by macronematous, unbranched, conidiophores with polytretic, integrated, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, acropleurogenous distoseptate and euseptate, brown conidia. The illegitimate Helminthosporium apicale V. Rao & de Hoog is accommodated in Varioseptispora as the replacement name V. apicalis ; and two Spadicoides spp. are accommodated as the new combinations V. hodgkissii and V. versiseptatis. A synoptic table and key to Varioseptispora species are provided.

Lylea obclavata sp. nov. from Lushan Mountain, China

A new species, Lylea obclavata, is described and illustrated from a specimen collected on the dead branches of an unidentified plant in Lushan Mountain, China. The fungus is distinguished by its obclavate smooth (1–)2-distoseptate conidia produced in unbranched acropetal chains. A key and synoptic table to Lylea species are provided.

Corynesporopsis hainanensis sp. nov., a bambusicolous fungus from southern China

A new anamorphic species, Corynesporopsis hainanensis, is described and illustrated from dead bamboo culms collected in the tropical mountain rainforest of Jianfengling, Hainan, China. The fungus is characterized by its terminal monotretic conidiogenous cells with catenate, obclavate, brown to pale brown, smooth, (3–)5–6(–10)-euseptate conidia. A dichotomous key and a synoptic table to Corynesporopsis species are provided.