Chromosome Characterization of Festival Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival) Result of Polyploidization

Strawberry is fruit commodities which originating from the member of Rosaceae and has been widely cultivated in several countries of the world including Indonesia. One of the strawberry cultivars which consumed and cultivate in Indonesia is the strawberry Festival (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival), which was developed in the area of Banyuroto, Magelang. In order to improve the quality and quantity of strawberry plants, polyploidization using colchicine has been employed in previous studies. The objectives of this research were study the chromosome character which include number, size, shape, and karyotype of normal strawberries and treatment strawberries with colchicine (0.05% 36 hours of root and leaf induction, 0.05% 24 hours of root and leaf induction, 0.05% 36 hours of leaf induction, 0.01% 36 hours of root and leaf induction). The results of this research shown that chromosome number difference and degree of ploidy between Fragaria x ananassa var Chandler in America with Fragaria x ananassa var. Festival in Indonesia due to natural mutation. While Festival strawberry control and treatment colchicine have same number chromosome is 2n=4x=28M and there are a difference long sleeve and short sleeve chromosome that may affect the content of chromosome expression and phenotype character are produced. The analysis of flow cytometry showed that treatment strawberry with colchicine has two peaks with intensity fluorescence equal to strawberry control so that it can be interpreted that the ploidy number of strawberries treatment with colchicine is tetraploid.

A Karyological Study in Some Species of Coffea L. and in the Closest Relative Psilanthus travancorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy

Chromosome characterization were carried out in Coffea kapakata A. Chev (Bridson), C. racemosa Lour., C. salvatrix Swynn. & Philipson and in Psilanthus travancorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy (2n=22) by employing the conventional acetic orcein technique as well as by C- and NOR-banding aiming further comparative studies. Although C. canephora and C. dewevrei have already been studied and depict a C-band karyotype, they have also been included for further comparisons, since NOR-banding and some other morphometric data have not been obtained yet. However, there were observed some differences among the species regarding chromosomal morphometry. The karyotype formula obtained was 3m+6sm+2sms for C. salvatrix and P. travancorensis, 1M +2m + 6sm + 2sms for C. kapakata and 2M +1m + 6sm + 2sms for C. racemosa. All species displayed a moderate karyotype asymmetry and according to Stebbins system, C. canephora, C. dewevrei, C. kapakata and C. racemosa were classified as 3B while C. salvatrix and P. travancorensis were classified as 2A. Among the four indices used to assess karyotype asymmetry, Paszko AI index along with Stebbins were best suited to individualize the species. C-bands were preferentially situated at a pericentromeric/centromeric position. Two pairs of chromosomes, with secondary constriction and satellite segments, were observed in all the species following acetic orcein staining. C. racemosa and C. salvatrix showed NOR-band in both pairs, while only one chromosome pair carrying NOR-band was seen in C. canephora, C. dewevrei, C. kapakata and P. travancorensis. Data on chromosome morphometry, asymmetry indices and NOR-banding were suitable for the characterization of the species.

Chromosome characterization of two varieties of Mangifera indica L.¹

Chromosome studies were performed in two varieties of Mangifera indica L. (mango), 'IAC-140 Espadona' and in its progenitor 'Espada Stahl'. Both varieties showed 2n=40 chromosomes though the karyotype formulae were 8m + 10sm + 2sm s for 'Stahl' and 7m + 11sm + 2sm s for 'IAC-140'. The varieties showed moderate karyotype asymmetry which was estimated according to four different indices. Both varieties exhibited three chromosome pairs with silver impregnation after NOR-banding. The number of nucleoli within interphase cells varied from one, the commonest, to eight. The nucleolus persistent phenomenon was observed in more than 22% of metaphase cells of both varieties, seeing that in 'Stahl', up to two nucleoli were evidenced. This variety also showed one nucleolus in several anaphase cells. The studies were suitable for evidencing diversity at chromosomal level between these two varieties.