SINTESIS SUARA GAMELAN GERANTANG BALI MENGGUNAKAN METODE DOUBLE FREQUENCY MODULATION (DFM)

Cultural traditions from the life of the Balinese people have given birth to various types of things, ranging from dances, traditional clothing, music and traditional musical instruments. One of the gamelan instruments in Bali is Gerantang. Everyone does not have the ability to adjust the tone of the greantang blades, so that the process of making the bushes cannot be done by just anyone. In the field of sound / audio processing, there is a method called speech synthesis. One method that can be used in implementing music or tone synthesis is the Double Frequency Modulation (DFM) method. Tests that have been carried out in the synthesis process of gamelan grantang sound using the DFM method have been successfully carried out with a total of 55 test tone data and from 11 basic tones and frequencies of several synthetic sound experiments in the output column and in the results column show 10 output results are within tolerance limits frequency and 1 (one) tone out of tolerance. It was found that 10 tones that have been synthesized produce tones that have frequencies within the frequency tolerance limit with an accuracy of 90.9%

Cochlear implantation under local anesthesia in 117 cases: patients’ subjective experience and outcomes

Purpose To report the outcomes and the patients’ subjective experience of cochlear implantation (CI) performed under local anesthesia (LA). To describe a new form of intraoperative cochlear monitoring based on the patients subjective sound perception during CI. Methods In this retrospective case–cohort study, 117 patients underwent CI under LA with (n = 58) or without conscious sedation (n = 59). Included were primarily elderly patients with elevated risks for general anesthesia and recently patients with residual hearing eligible for electro-acoustic stimulation (EAS) (n = 27), in whom hearing could be monitored during the electrode insertion. A 500 Hz test tone was presented and the patient reported of subjective changes in loudness, leading to a modification of the insertion. A questionnaire was sent to all patients in which they assessed their subjective experience. Results All patients were successfully operated under LA without the need to intraoperatively convert to general anesthesia. 90% of the patients reported that the surgery was a positive experience. The vast majority, 90% of patients were satisfied with the overall treatment and with intraoperative pain management and 84% of the patients would opt for local anesthesia again. Cochlear monitoring by the patients’ subjective sound perception enabled for atraumatic insertions as all EAS patients could hear the test tone up to the end of the surgery. Conclusions CI under LA was well tolerated and recommended by the vast majority of patients. In addition, it offers the possibility to monitor the patients’ hearing during the electrode insertion, which may help to prevent insertion trauma.

Development of a computer-based automated pure tone hearing screening device: a preliminary clinical trial

Hearing screening is important for the early detection of hearing loss. The requirements of specialized equipment, skilled personnel, and quiet environments for valid screening results limit its application in schools and health clinics. This study aimed to develop an automated hearing screening kit (auto-kit) with the capability of realtime noise level monitoring to ensure that the screening is performed in an environment that conforms to the standard. The auto-kit consists of a laptop, a 24-bit resolution sound card, headphones, a microphone, and a graphical user interface, which is calibrated according to the American National Standards Institute S3.6-2004 standard. The auto-kit can present four test tones (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) at 25 or 40 dB HL screening cut-off level. The clinical results at 40 dB HL screening cut-off level showed that the auto-kit has a sensitivity of 92.5% and a specificity of 75.0%. Because the 500 Hz test tone is not included in the standard hearing screening procedure, it can be excluded from the auto-kit test procedure. The exclusion of 500 Hz test tone improved the specificity of the auto-kit from 75.0% to 92.3%, which suggests that the auto-kit could be a valid hearing screening device. In conclusion, the auto-kit may be a valuable hearing screening tool, especially in countries where resources are limited.

Memory and Musical Expectation for Tones in Cultural Context

WE EXPLORED HOW MUSICAL CULTURE SHAPES ONE'S listening experience.Western participants heard a series of tones drawn from either the Western major mode (culturally familiar) or the Indian thaat Bhairav (culturally unfamiliar) and then heard a test tone. They made a speeded judgment about whether the test tone was present in the prior series of tones. Interactions between mode (Western or Indian) and test tone type (congruous or incongruous) reflect the utilization of Western modal knowledge to make judgments about the test tones. False alarm rates were higher for test tones congruent with the major mode than for test tones congruent with Bhairav. In contrast, false alarm rates were lower for test tones incongruent with the major mode than for test tones incongruent with Bhairav. These findings suggest that one's internalized cultural knowledge may drive musical expectancies when listening to music of an unfamiliar modal system.

Online Detection of Tonal Pop-Out in Modulating Contexts

We investigated the spontaneous detection of "wrong notes" in a melody that modulated continuously through all 24 major and minor keys. Three variations of the melody were composed, each of which had distributed within it 96 test tones of the same pitch, for example, A2. Thus, the test tones would blend into some keys and pop out in others. Participants were not asked to detect or judge specific test tones; rather, they were asked to make a response whenever they heard a note that they thought sounded wrong or out of place. This task enabled us to obtain subjective measures of key membership in a listening situation that approximated a natural musical context. The frequency of observed "wrong-note" responses across keys matched previous tonal hierarchy results obtained using judgments about discrete probes following short contexts. When the test tones were nondiatonic notes in the present context they elicited a response, whereas when the test tones occupied a prominent position in the tonal hierarchy they were not detected. Our findings could also be explained by the relative salience of the test pitch chroma in short-term memory, such that when the test tone belonged to a locally improbable pitch chroma it was more likely to elicit a response. Regardless of whether the local musical context is shaped primarily by "bottom-up" or "topdown" influences, our findings establish a method for estimating the relative salience of individual test events in a continuous melody.