A power trading mode based on blockchain for prosumers

With the increase of the penetration rate of distributed generation on the distribution network side, the access of a large number of prosumers makes the trading information massive, and the demand of prosumers for more flexible power trading mechanism is also strengthened. Therefore, a weak-centralized power trading mode based on blockchain is proposed in this paper. Trading information is automatically stored in the blockchain in the form of smart contracts. The centralized organization only manages congestion and does not participate in the process of trading matching and settlement. In the distributed security verification, the successive over relaxation (SOR) iterative method is improved in this paper, which improves the iterative efficiency and convergence stability of the distributed algorithm. Finally, a case consisting of six nodes is presented to verify the feasibility of the method.

Stability Concepts: Beyond Nash Equilibria

The concept of an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS), which is a stronger stability condition than that of a Nash equilibrium, is introduced. A simple evolutionary dynamic, adaptive dynamics, is also introduced. This leads to the concept of convergence stability under adaptive dynamics. It is shown that these two stability criteria are independent for general games: a strategy can be an ESS but not be reachable under adaptive dynamics and a strategy may be an attractor under adaptive dynamics but a fitness minimum and so not an ESS. The latter situation leads to the possibility of evolutionary branching, a phenomenon in which the population splits into a mixture of two or more distinct morphs. Replicator dynamics provide another evolutionary dynamic, although it is argued that it is of limited relevance to biology. In some games, individuals interact with relatives. The effects of kin assortment, and the direct fitness and gene-centred approaches to games between kin are described and illustrated.