Elements in Pointed Invariant Cones in Lie Algebras and Corresponding Affine Pairs

In this note, we study in a finite dimensional Lie algebra $${\mathfrak g}$$ g the set of all those elements x for which the closed convex hull of the adjoint orbit contains no affine lines; this contains in particular elements whose adjoint orbits generates a pointed convex cone $$C_x$$ C x . Assuming that $${\mathfrak g}$$ g is admissible, i.e., contains a generating invariant convex subset not containing affine lines, we obtain a natural characterization of such elements, also for non-reductive Lie algebras. Motivated by the concept of standard (Borchers) pairs in QFT, we also study pairs (x, h) of Lie algebra elements satisfying $$[h,x]=x$$ [ h , x ] = x for which $$C_x$$ C x pointed. Given x, we show that such elements h can be constructed in such a way that $$\mathop {\mathrm{ad}}\nolimits h$$ ad h defines a 5-grading, and characterize the cases where we even get a 3-grading.

Existence of Invariant Cones in General 3-Dim Homogeneous Piecewise Linear Differential Systems with Two Zones

Existence and number of invariant cones in general 3-dim homogeneous piecewise linear differential systems with two zones separated by a plane are investigated. Implicit parametric expressions of two proper half slope maps whose intersections determine the existence and number of invariant cones are obtained. Based on these expressions, some sufficient conditions for the existence of at most three invariant cones are provided, and it is proved that the maximum number of invariant cones for some special cases is equal to 1 plus the maximum number of limit cycles in planar piecewise linear systems with a straight line separation. Moreover, it is illustrated by a numerical example with four invariant cones that the maximum number of invariant cones is not less than four. Specially, the main results provide a method to completely solve the existence and number of invariant cones in any specific 3-dim homogeneous piecewise linear differential systems with two zones separated by a plane by using numerical method.

Existence and Stability of Invariant Cones in 3-Dim Homogeneous Piecewise Linear Systems with Two Zones

We mainly investigate the existence, stability and number of invariant cones in 3-dim homogeneous piecewise linear systems with two zones separated by a plane containing the 1-dim invariant manifold of each linear subsystem. By transforming the system into a proper form with the 1-dim invariant manifolds on the separation plane either coincident or perpendicular, we obtain complete results on the existence, stability and number of invariant cones and show that the maximum number of invariant cones is two. The explicit parameter relations obtained here contribute to understanding and investigating bifurcation phenomena occurring in nonsmooth dynamical systems.

On the Number of Invariant Cones and Existence of Periodic Orbits in 3-dim Discontinuous Piecewise Linear Systems

For a family of discontinuous 3-dim homogeneous piecewise linear dynamical systems with two zones, we investigate the number of invariant cones and the existence of periodic orbits as a spatial relationship between the invariant manifolds of the subsystem changes. By studying the number of real roots of a quadratic equation induced by slopes of half straight lines starting from the origin in required domain, we obtain complete results on the number and stability of invariant cones. Especially, we prove that the maximum number of invariant cones is two, and obtain complete parameter regions on which there exist one or two invariant cones, on which one or two fake cones (corresponding to real roots of the quadratic equation that are not in the required domain) appear and on which an invariant cone will be foliated by periodic orbits.

Lower bounds on Ricci flow invariant curvatures and geometric applications

We consider Ricci flow invariant cones 𝒞 in the space of curvature operators lying between the cones “nonnegative Ricci curvature” and “nonnegative curvature operator”. Assuming some mild control on the scalar curvature of the Ricci flow, we show that if a solution to the Ricci flow has its curvature operator which satisfies