Brachioradialis Muscle Tendon Transposition in Extensor Pollicis Longus Reconstruction: Anatomical Study and a New Surgical Approach

Background Complete extension of the thumb and activation of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon are fundamental to ensure maximum function. Many EPL repair techniques are described in the literature. Methods The authors present an alternative technique using the brachioradialis (BR) tendon. Thirty patients with injuries of the EPL tendon in zone 8 were studied. In all cases, neither direct suture repair nor traditional tendon transfer was possible. Results Thumb extension was restored in all patients with satisfactory extension recovery. All patients achieved excellent extension; good functional results were observed in 2 cases, and in 1 case satisfactory results were achieved using the Geldmacher assessment and the Kapandji assessment. The overall results were rated as excellent, good, fair, or poor according to the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Scale. Discussion The BR tendon was suitable to treat all cases, in particular injuries occurring near Lister’s tubercle, due to its appropriate length for tenorrhaphy albeit with a short distal head.

Gorenstein FC-projective modules

In this paper, we investigate Gorenstein FC-projective modules and Gorenstein FC-projective dimensions, and characterize rings over which every module is Gorenstein FC-projective and rings over which every submodule of a projective is Gorenstein FC-projective, respectively. Under an almost excellent extension of rings, we obtain several invariant properties of Gorenstein FC-projective modules and Gorenstein FC-projective dimensions.

Excellent Extensions and Homological Conjectures

In this paper, we introduce the notion of excellent extensions of rings. Let Γ be an excellent extension of an Artin algebra Λ, we prove that Λ satisfies the Gorenstein symmetry conjecture (resp., finitistic dimension conjecture, Auslander–Gorenstein conjecture, Nakayama conjecture) if and only if so does Γ. As a special case of excellent extensions, when G is a finite group whose order is invertible in Λ acting on Λ and Λ is G-stable, we prove that if the skew group algebra ΛG satisfies strong Nakayama conjecture (resp., generalized Nakayama conjecture), then so does Λ.

New possibilities for pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants: Limitations, advantages, use

Early pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants, especially in high production herds, is one of the most important components of reproduction management. Reducing the time between insemination and the exclusion or confirmation of pregnancy is of major economic importance. That is why the traditional method of pregnancy examination by transrectal palpation is increasingly complemented by additional tests, such as ultrasonography. An alternative to these methods of pregnancy diagnosis are also simple field tests. The best known are tests for progesterone and estrone sulphate concentrations. Over the last few years, the measuring of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) has also been gaining popularity. In cattle, this method can be used as early as the 28th day of pregnancy, when the plasma concentration of PAGs exceeds 1ng / ml. Maximum values of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins are observed about day 240 after fertilization. After calving, their level quickly decreases. In sheep, the concentration of PAGs increases significantly in the 3rd and 4th weeks of gestation and reaches its maximum level around the 9th week. In goats, the concentration of PAGs differs between races, but its measurement can be quite a reliable indirect method of pregnancy diagnosis. The PAGs value in this species grows until about the 8th week after insemination and, depending on the breed, reaches a maximum value of 50 to 69 ng/ml. One limitation for the use of PAGs field tests may be false positives which occur after the death of the embryo. Similarly, an increased PAGs concentration can persists for up to about 70 days after calving. Moreover, the PAGs concentration is also affected by the health, age and milk production of the female. The advantages of field tests are the simplicity of performance, the ease of reading and interpreting the results and the short time needed to complete the entire procedure. Field tests based on the commonly used ELISA method are characterized by low invasiveness (blood, milk), combined with high sensitivity and specificity. Their rapid application under field conditions makes them an excellent extension of diagnostic capabilities, especially in large herds of cows, .

RIGHT GORENSTEIN GLOBAL DIMENSION OF AN (ALMOST) EXCELLENT EXTENSION

In this paper, we study the right Gorenstein global dimension and the r.IFD(–) of an (almost) excellent extension of ring.

Excellent extensions and Gorenstein homological dimensions

Let R be a ring and S an excellent extension of R. In this paper we study the Gorenstein homological dimensions over R and S. We show that if M is an S-module, then MR is Gorenstein projective if and only if MS is Gorenstein projective. Secondly, we prove that the right Gorenstein dimension of R is equal to the right Gorenstein dimension of S. Some results in [4] and [6] are extended to the settings of Gorenstein projective modules and Gorenstein projective dimensions, respectively.

Projective Socles

Nicholson and Watters have recently investigated rings with projective socles and they have shown, among other things, that a ring R has a projective socle if and only if each matrix ring Mn(R), n > 1, has a projective socle. We generalize this result by showing that if S is an excellent extension of R, then the socle of R is projective if and only if the socle of S is projective. Examples of excellent extensions include, as well as matrix rings Mn(R), skew group rings R * G where G is a finite group and the order of G is invertible in R.