On the Emergence of Spacetime and Matter from Model Sets

Starting from first principles and the mathematics of model sets we propose a framework where emergence of spacetime and matter can be addressed.

Explanations of and in Time

Various approaches to quantum gravity render spacetime an emergent phenomenon, with the existence and properties of spacetime depending on a non-spatiotemporal underlying reality. This chapter investigates the mode of dependence that is involved. I explain and defend my recent proposal to classify different kinds of dependencies in terms of the principles mediating the dependency, and apply this proposal to the emergence of spacetime. While philosophers have typically interpreted spacetime emergence as involving metaphysical grounding, I show how premises that are widely endorsed lead us to classify the emergence of spacetime in loop quantum gravity as causal in nature. I recommend spacetime functionalism as a resolution of this puzzle that vindicates the natural view of spacetime emergence as non-causal. I then explore a different approach to spacetime emergence in quantum gravity, the ‘many-instant landscape’ scenario described by Gomes, and show how it fits into the proposed framework for spacetime emergence.

Philosophy Beyond Spacetime

The present volume collects essays on the philosophical foundations of quantum theories of gravity, such as loop quantum gravity and string theory. Central for philosophical concerns is quantum gravity's suggestion that space and time, or spacetime, may not exist fundamentally, but instead be a derivative entity emerging from non-spatiotemporal degrees of freedom. In the spirit of naturalized metaphysics, contributions to this volume consider the philosophical implications of this suggestion. In turn, philosophical methods and insights are brought to bear on the foundations of quantum gravity itself. For instance, the idea of functionalism, borrowed from the philosophy of mind and discussed by several chapters, exemplifies this mutual interaction the collection seeks to foster. The chapters of this collection cover three main subjects: first, the potential emergence of spacetime in various approaches to quantum gravity; second, metaphysical and epistemological considerations concerning the nature of this relation of emergence; and third, broader methodological aspects of the philosophy of quantum gravity.

Concerning the origin of the spacetime with regard to a multi-rest physical structure

In this paper, we investigate the ontological hypothesis, which implies that the spacetime is not the ultimate structure in our universe, and its existence emerges from a deeper physical entity. By using a very simple approach based on a classical problem, regarding the propagation of electromagnetic waves in empty vacuum. We were able to deduce that this deeper entity is just an omnipresent multi-rest states physical structure; aether. After that, we try to see how this aether fits in the universe that we exist in. The outcome is that its existence causes the emergence of some basic phenomena that our universe is built on. At the microscopic scale it turned out to be a source of the essential quantum phenomenon, which is currently known as the wave – particle duality. On the other hand, at the macroscopic scale it causes the emergence of spacetime curvature, around huge, massive objects like Earth, and finally, we try to visualize the prospects of aether, and how it can be a promising alternative for the dark matter.