EXPLORING LEXICAL AND METRICAL STRESS IN MAYA ANGELOU'S POEM ENTITLED 'STILL I RISE': A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

<p>This study deals with phonological analysis, which focuses on analyzing lexical and metrical stress in Maya Angelou's poem entitled 'Still I Rise.' This study explores the lexical stress and metrical stress used in Angelou's poem, which answers the research questions. This method is the qualitative method which means the data was written text. The writer intends to determine what lexical stress (primary and secondary stress) and metrical stress (iamb, trochee, and dactyl) are in the poem text. This research showed that lexical stress, namely primary stress with total numbers, is 43 items, and secondary stress with total numbers is three items. Also, there are metrical stresses, including iamb with nine items, trochee 27 items, and dactyl seven items.<br /><br /></p><em></em>

Tone slips in Cantonese: Evidence for early phonological encoding

This article examines speech errors in Cantonese with the aim of fleshing out a larger speech production architecture for encoding phonological tone. A corpus was created by extracting 2,462 speech errors, including 668 tone errors, from audio recordings of natural conversations. The structure of these errors was then investigated in order to distinguish two contemporary approaches to tone in speech production. In the tonal frames account, tone is encoded like metrical stress, represented in abstract structural frames for a word. Because tone cannot be mis-selected in tonal frames, tone errors are expected to be rare and non-contextual, as observed with stress. An alternative is that tone is actively selected in phonological encoding like phonological segments. This approach predicts that tone errors will be relatively common and exhibit the contextual patterns observed with segments, like perseveration and anticipation. In our corpus, tone errors are the second most common type of error, and the majority of errors exhibit contextual patterns that parallel segmental errors. Building on prior research, a two-stage model of phonological tone encoding is proposed, following the patterns seen in tone errors: Tone is phonologically selected concurrently with segments, but then sequentially assigned after segments to a syllable.

Directionality effects via distance-based penalty scaling

In this paper we develop a new proposal for distance-based penalty scaling in Optimality-theoretic analyses, including Harmonic Grammar. We apply this technique to the analysis of two phonological phenomena, both of which have posed challenges to implementation using standard constraint-based methods: directionality effects and bounded domain windows. In the analysis of directionality, we demonstrate how our approach can model challenge directional harmony by applying distance-based penalty scaling in the analysis of Ngore-Kiga sibilant harmony. We then extend our analysis to capture "opposite-edge" effects such as Japanese mimetic palatalization and Selkup stress assignment. Finally, we illustrate how the same mechanisms we outline in the analysis of directionality can be intuitively applied in the generation of bounded domain windows. Specifically, we illustrate how our approach models the generation of metrical stress window systems such as in Macedonian. Taken as a whole, we argue that distance-based penalty scaling handles both directionality and bounded domain window in a straightforward and unified manner.

The internally layered foot in Dutch

Recent metrical studies have proposed that, under certain circumstances, a weak syllable may be adjoined to a binary foot, giving rise to a minimally recursive foot. Adding to a growing body of research from metrical stress and foot-conditioned phenomena in various languages, the goals of this paper are twofold. First, we aim at providing empirical evidence for internally layered feet based on the distribution of three foot-conditioned processes of Dutch: vowel reduction, glottal stop /ʔ/ insertion and /h/ licensing/deletion. Second, we explore a less studied theoretical and descriptive advantage of internally layered feet: their potential to predict phonological strength distinctions that go beyond the traditional weak vs. strong dichotomy. In support of this view, we will argue that all three above-mentioned foot-based processes of Dutch distinguish between two types of unstressed syllables. We will demonstrate that the metrical representation that best captures this dual patterning of unstressed syllables necessitates internally layered feet.

Prosodic Phenomena

Prosodic phenomena such as stress, tone, and intonation have been the focus of much developmental research as well as theoretical work in phonology. This review presents an overview of research that explores the relationship between the development of prosodic phenomena and linguistic models of phonological structure, particularly, metrical stress theory and autosegmental phonology. The review surveys what is currently known about the developmental course of stress, tone, and intonation in infants and children, introduces research that investigates the role of organizational principles of phonological structure in the acquisition of these prosodic phenomena, and discusses the evidence and arguments for this approach toward understanding phonological acquisition.