The Effectiveness of Multimedia Application on Students Listening Comprehension

Listening comprehension is a complex skill particulaly in mastered by non-native speaker settings. This researchaimed atfinding out the effect of multimedia application on students’ listening. The research design is experimental, with a t-test. The population is the sixth semester of HKBP Nommensen University at the academic year of 2016/2017, six classes of listening comprehension, 3 classes for experiemnts and the other for control, each class of 20 students. The findings states that the Tcount = 14.68 > Ttable = 2.02 in α significance 0.05 and degree of freedom 38. It means that, multimedia aplication is effective than conventinal media. Multimeadi in this study can be used by other lecturer or teacher as the optional instrument in teaching listening comprehension.

Global Uniform Sales Law – With a European Twist? CISG Interaction with EU Law

13 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration (2009), pp. 179-196The paper investigates the interaction between the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG) and European Community law. It outlines the historical involvement of the European Community in the efforts to create a global uniform sales law (first through the Hague Sales Laws, then through the CISG), before elaborating on the way in which the CISG has influenced various law making efforts of the EU (the EC Consumer Sales Directive, the EC Late Payments Directive, other EC Directives, the ongoing plans to create a European 'Optional Instrument', and the revised rule on the jurisdiction of the courts at the place of performance under Article 5 No. 1 of the Brussels I Regulation). The final part of the paper concentrates on the influence the CISG has and could have on the interpretation of European Community law, and makes the case against the European Court of Justice's power of interpretation over the CISG.

Aggravation of Risk and Precautionary Measures in Non-Life Insurance: A Tricky Scope for the Insurer?

Aggravation of risk and failure to take precautionary measures are focal issues in non-life insurance in terms of potential partial or full release of the insurer from the duty to perform. Not infrequently, it is difficult to draw a line between the aggravation of risk on the one hand, and non-compliance with precautionary measures on the other, since a particular action by a policyholder may present both situations. At the same time, the legal remedies available to the insurer regarding these two situations are different in scope. The aggravation of risk and non-compliance with precautionary measures are precisely the bases on which insurers actually reduce indemnity or refuse to compensate for damages. This article explores the differences between insurance laws in the Baltic states—specifically, the Estonian Law of Obligations Act, the Latvian Insurance Contract Law and Lithuanian rules contained in the Civil Code and Insurance Law. The article explores the differences between the Baltic states’ insurance laws and the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL) with regard to a policyholder’s duty in relation to aggravation of risk and precautionary measures, as the rights and obligations of policyholders do change where the optional instrument is applied. The article also includes comparisons to German, Finnish and Russian insurance law.