Glutathione-S-Crotonyl-N-Acetylthioethanolamine Alkenetransferase: Properties and Comparison with Other Glutathione-S-Transferases

<p>A mercapturic acid is an N-acetylated-S-substituted -L-cysteine in which the substitutive group is generally inert to further enzymic reaction (Wood, 1970). Detoxication of foreign compounds to mercapturic acids in mammals has been known for almost 100 years, however the source of cysteine for conjugation has only recently been positively determined.</p>

Glutathione-S-Crotonyl-N-Acetylthioethanolamine Alkenetransferase: Properties and Comparison with Other Glutathione-S-Transferases

<p>A mercapturic acid is an N-acetylated-S-substituted -L-cysteine in which the substitutive group is generally inert to further enzymic reaction (Wood, 1970). Detoxication of foreign compounds to mercapturic acids in mammals has been known for almost 100 years, however the source of cysteine for conjugation has only recently been positively determined.</p>

New data on the metabolism of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in human volunteers after oral dosage: excretion kinetics of a urinary mercapturic acid metabolite (“M-12”)

Methylisothiazolinone (MI) as well as the mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone [MCI/MI (3:1)] are biocides that are used in a variety of products of every-day life. Due to the skin sensitizing properties of these biocides, their use has come under scrutiny. We have previously examined the human metabolism of MI and MCI after oral dosage of isotope-labelled analogues in human volunteers and confirmed N-methylmalonamic acid to be a major, but presumably unspecific human urinary metabolite. In the present study, we have investigated the urinary kinetics of a mercapturic acid metabolite of MI and MCI using the same set of samples. Four human volunteers received 2 mg of isotopically labelled MI and MCI separately and at least 2 weeks apart. Consecutive urine samples were collected over 48 h and were examined for the content of the (labelled) 3-mercapturic acid conjugate of 3-thiomethyl-N-methyl-propionamide (“M-12”), a known metabolite in rats. On a molar basis, M-12 represented 7.1% (3.0–10.1%) of the dose excreted in urine after dosage of MI. Excretion of this mercapturate was fast with a mean half-life of 3.6 h. Surprisingly, for MCI the mercapturate M-12 represented only 0.13% of the dose excreted in urine. Thus, this biomarker is highly specific for exposures to MI and might be used to distinguish between different exposure patterns of these biocides [use of MI or MCI/MI (3:1)] in the general population.