An interactive identification key for Atlantic Forest tree species based on macroscopic wood anatomy

The Atlantic Forest is considered a biodiversity hotspot because of its exceptional species richness, endemism, and habitat losses. Commercial logging, industrial forestry, and agriculture represent threats to the Atlantic Forest, and even though it has been protected by law since 2006, forest suppression continues and large volumes of Atlantic Forest wood are traded every year. To promote environmental conservation and prevent illegal logging, the verification of wood species’ identifications is fundamental throughout several stages of the wood supply chain by supervisory bodies, traders, and even consumers. Macroscopic wood anatomy analysis has been shown to be an efficient method for screening, although tools to streamline the efficiency of that process are necessary. We introduce here an interactive identification key for Atlantic Forest tree species, based on standard wood macroscopic features that is now available online at http://gbg.sites.uff.br/lamad/.

Addressing the Challenge of Overlapping Claims in Implementing the Vancouver Island (Douglas) Treaties

Indigenous social and legal orders are a source for addressing the challenge of overlapping claims in exercising historic treaty rights in the territories of neighbouring non-treaty Indigenous Peoples. The Vancouver Island Treaties (also known as the Douglas Treaties) of the 1850s made commitments that signatory communities could continue to hunt on unoccupied lands and carry on their fisheries as formerly. Today, as urban, agricultural and industrial forestry have constrained where people can exercise their treaty rights locally, individuals from these nations exercise harvesting rights in “extended territories” of their neighbours. Through detailing several court cases where these treaty rights were challenged by the Crown and the texts of modern-day treaty documents, I show how Coast Salish people continue to draw on local values and legal principles to articulate their distinctive vision of territory and community, both engaging and subverting divisive “overlapping claims” discourses. Not only First Nations but the state, through the judiciary, Crown counsel and land claims negotiators, also, at times, acknowledge and recognise the principles of kin and land tenure that are the foundation for addressing the challenges of overlapping claims.

The Opportunity of Understorey Species to Absorb Secondary Metabolites in the Soil (Case Study in IUPHHK- Industrial Plantation Forests PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, Tbk)

PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, Tbk is one of the industrial forestry companies with Eucalyptus as the main species. This research was conducted in a concession area located in Aek Nauli Plantation, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra with an area of 22,533 Ha. The sample of this research is understorey species (height: 1.5 meters) under Eucalyptus stand in cycles 2, 3, 4 and 5 planted in 2015. To find out the composition of plant species, vegetation analysis was conducted initially by making minimum species-area curves to determine the number of plots. The placement of the sample starts with randomly distributed on plotted paths. The number of plots in each cycle is as many as 32 plots, 32 plots, 32 plots, 4 plots by 256 plots and 5 plots for 32 plots. The results of soil analysis found that secondary metabolic in eucalyptus soil classified into terpenoid which located at a distance of 50 cm (flat) and 100 cm (flat) from the tree at 2 years old Eucalyptus stand. The terpenoids also distributed in distance of 50 cm from trees with flat topography on 4 years old Eucalyptus stand. For 6 years old Eucalyptus stand, terpenoid distributed on 150 cm from a tree and there was also a saponin within 150 cm from a tree with sloping topography. If the dominant undergrowth grows were Strong and Senduduk, the secondary metabolism in the soil will be absorbed by this species.

Solid Fuel Feedstock from Leaves Litter of Industrial Forestry in Riau, Indonesia

Currently, the ratio of rural electrification by state electricity company (PT. PLN) in Riau is approximately 58.79% which resulted in the slow growth of the rural economy. A total of 277 unit of the electricity generator owned by PT PLN with total installed capacity of 220 thousand KW is only able to meet 19% of electricity in Riau, and 81% of the rest is purchased and acquired from other units. As the region that consists of 61% forestry, Riau has the potency to utilize the biomass energy to meet the electricity in the rural area. Moreover, 43% of forestry area is the industrial production forest that supplied the wood material for two international pulp and paper industry in Riau. Majority planted vegetation to this forest types is Accacia spp and Eucalyptus spp. The leaves litter generated from Accacia and Eucalyptus vegetation reaches 4.4 and 13 tons ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The current utilization of leaves and other litter fall are just left in the area of plantation or burned after harvested. The calorific value of Accacia and Eucalyptus leaves litter are 13.33 MJ/kg and 17.26 MJ/kg, respectively. Utilization of leaves litter from the industrial forestry has a potential to meet the energy needs in Riau by 0.167 EJ/yr.