ἄριστον μέν ὕδωρ: An Examination of the Public Waterworks in Athens in the Early 5thC BCE

This article examines the design and social impact of waterways in Athens in the early 5thC BCE. While the Athenian political landscape transitioned from a series of tyrannies to democracy at the end of the Archaic period (ca. 650-480 BCE), the archaeological record also shows widespread innovation in the development of public water systems, particularly in sanitation and water supply. A movement away from buildings constructed by the Athenian tyrants facilitated the development of the Classical Agora and the creation of new public-use spaces and structures, like the Southeast Fountain House and the Great Drain in the Agora. The fountain has long been identified with the famous Peisistratid Enneakrounos (“Nine Spouts”) fountain, but through investigation into the arguments of J.M. Camp and Jessica Paga, I propose that a later date ca. 500 BCE is more suitable for the historical and archaeological context of the fountain. I investigate several Athenian waterworks built/maintained during the late Archaic period to the Classical period (~500-323 BCE): the Great Drain in the Agora, the Southeast Fountain House, the Klepsydra fountain, and the Asklepieion on the Akropolis. The works of Hippocrates, Thucydides, and—to a lesser extent—Pausanias, inform my examination of the implications of the construction of these waterworks and the development of democracy in the 5th century. These waterways show a dedicated shift from the private use of water and tyrannical building works, to a new, fully public and communal mode of engagement with the city and its resources.

Journey From Recovery To Functional Recovery Through Physical Activity And Sports Participation: A Single Case Study Of Rehabilitated Patient With Schizophrenia

This qualitative study explored the positive effect of physical activity on the prognosis of chronic patient with schizophrenia. This single case study carried out on the patient with schizophrenia who was admitted at the age of 36 at Fountain House Lahore Pakistan. The member belonged to single parent and had the history of wandering behavior and ran out 4 times from house and lastly stayed around 8 months away from his home. After getting admitted at Fountain House member undergone drug therapy along with that he was involved in physical exercise, assembly and given sports responsibility by the sports therapist. After 6 months of continuous stay at Psycho social rehabilitation center and involved in the physical activities and conducting sports as assistant remarkable improvement was seen in the overall behavior of the member. The member discussed in semi structured interview that his life became disciplined, positively elevated his mood, provided him confidence and he does not feel like to be sedentary. The most encouraging remark he shared that he got more awareness about his symptoms of disease instead of reacting now he wanted to share any change in him with his father or the therapist.

The Agora

This chapter focuses on the Athenian Agora, the civic center and marketplace of the polis. At the heart of this chapter is the issue of when the government buildings and functions shifted from the older Archaic Agora to this new area, and how the new buildings articulated the changed political landscape of the polis. This chapter progresses monument by monument. Three buildings in particular are highlighted—the Old Bouleuterion (Council House), the Stoa Basileios (magistrate’s office), and the Southeast Fountain House—due to their unique forms and decoration, their important functions for the polis as a whole, and their siting within the Agora. This chapter also considers the role of movement and sight lines within and around the Agora.