Recent Advances in Least-Squares and Discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin Finite Element Methods

Least-squares (LS) and discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) finite element methods are an emerging methodology in the computational partial differential equations with unconditional stability and built-in a posteriori error control. This special issue represents the state of the art in minimal residual methods in the L^{2}-norm for the LS schemes and in dual norm with broken test-functions in the DPG schemes.

A Subspace-Projected Approximate Matrix Method for Systems of Linear Equations

Given two n × n matrices A and A0 and a sequence of subspaces with dim the k-th subspace-projected approximated matrix Ak is defined as Ak = A + Πk(A0 − A)Πk, where Πk is the orthogonal projection on . Consequently, Akν = Aν and ν*Ak = ν*A for all Thus is a sequence of matrices that gradually changes from A0 into An = A. In principle, the definition of may depend on properties of Ak, which can be exploited to try to force Ak+1 to be closer to A in some specific sense. By choosing A0 as a simple approximation of A, this turns the subspace-approximated matrices into interesting preconditioners for linear algebra problems involving A. In the context of eigenvalue problems, they appeared in this role in Shepard et al. (2001), resulting in their Subspace Projected Approximate Matrix method. In this article, we investigate their use in solving linear systems of equations Ax = b. In particular, we seek conditions under which the solutions xk of the approximate systems Akxk = b are computable at low computational cost, so the efficiency of the corresponding method is competitive with existing methods such as the Conjugate Gradient and the Minimal Residual methods. We also consider how well the sequence (xk)k≥0 approximates x, by performing some illustrative numerical tests.