Value of the central vein sign at 3T to differentiate MS from seropositive NMOSD

ObjectiveTo assess the value of the central vein sign (CVS) on a clinical 3T scanner to distinguish between multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).MethodsEighteen aquaporin-4-antibody-positive patients with NMOSD, 18 patients with relapsing-remitting MS, and 25 healthy controls underwent 3T MRI. The presence of a central vein in white matter lesions on susceptibility-weighted imaging, defined as a thin hypointense line or a small dot, was recorded.ResultsThe proportion of lesions with the CVS was higher in MS than NMOSD (80% vs 32%, p < 0.001). A greater proportion of lesions with the CVS predicted the diagnosis of MS, rather than NMOSD (odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.16, p = 0.001), suggesting that each percent unit increase in the proportion of lesions with the CVS in an individual patient was associated with a 10% increase in the risk of the same patient having MS. If more than 54% of the lesions on any given scan show the CVS, then the patient can be given a diagnosis of MS with an accuracy of 94% (95% CIs 81.34, 99.32, p < 0.001, sensitivity/specificity 90%/100%).ConclusionThe clinical value of the CVS in the context of the differential diagnosis between MS and NMOSD, previously suggested using 7T scanners, is now extended to clinical 3T scanners, thereby making a step towards the use of CVS in clinical practice.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that the CVS on 3T MRI accurately distinguishes patients with MS from those with seropositive NMOSD.

KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN PEREMPUAN PENGRAJIN ATAP NIPAH TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DI KECAMATAN SERUWAY KABUPATEN ACEH TAMIANG

Abstrak. Kontribusi Pendapatan Perempuan Pengrajin Atap Nipah Terhadap Pendapatan Keluarga di Kecamatan Seruway Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang adalah sumbangan pendapatan yang diberikan oleh perempuan pengrajin atap nipah terhadap pendapatan keluarga yang dihitung dalam satuan persen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya kontribusi pendapatan perempuan pengrajin atap nipah terhadap pendapatan keluarga dan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perempuan pengrajin atap nipah ikut dalam pengambilan keputusan di dalam rumah tangganya. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode sensus dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 20 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi pendapatan perempuan pengrajin atap nipah terhadap pendapatan keluarga rata-rata sebesar 44,11 % per bulan. Sedangkan rata-rata pendapatan yang diterima adalah sebesar Rp.1.062.350,00 per bulan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi pendapatan yang diterima oleh perempuan pengrajin atap nipah tergolong besar dibandingkan kontribusi pendapatan suami dan anak mereka. Dan pengambilan keputusan dalam keluarga perempuan pengrajin atap nipah telah diikut sertakan dalam rumah tangganya yaitu dengan cara melakukan perundingan serta diskusi antara suami dan istri.The Contribution Of The Income Of Nipa Roof Artisan Women To The Family Revenue In The Subdistrict Of Seruway Of Aceh Tamiang RegencyAbstract. The contribution of the income of women who were artisans of nipa roof to the family income in Seruway Subdistrict of Aceh Tamiang Regency is the endowment of revenue given by nipa roof artisan women to their family income which was calculated in percent unit. This study aimed to find out the magnitude of the contribution of nipa roof artisan women’ income to their family revenue and to find out how far the roof artisan women took part in decision making in their household. The research method was census with the number of respondents of 20. The results of the research indicated that the income contribution of women who were artisans of nipa roof to their family income was in the average of 44.11 % per year. While the average of revenue received per month was IDR1.062.350. This showed that the income contribution that was received by the nipa roof artisan women was in the category of big compared to the income contribution of their husband and child. This also showed that nipa roof artisan women had involved themselves in the decision making performed in their family, namely by the way of doing negotiation and discussion between the husband and wife

Paradoxes of Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): Abundance Patterns and Management of a Highly Imperiled Prairie Species

Although Oarisma poweshiek sometimes occurred in localized abundance, its known range is centered on the highly decimated northern tallgrass prairie of North America. To aid its conservation, we analyze surveys from 1988 to 1997 of populations no longer being found. While we recorded 2403 individuals at 20 sites, five sites had 87% of individuals, while 12 sites had only 2% of individuals. Most surveys during O. poweshiek flight had zero individuals recorded. In peak vegetative characteristics for O. poweshiek, fire management had the highest mean abundance but the lowest median abundance and lowest percent occurrence compared to idling and haying. Mean abundance was by far the lowest in the first year postfire compared to longer since fire. Median abundance and percent unit surveys where O. poweshiek was found indicated higher abundances the longer since fire. Although this skipper occasionally exhibited super-recoveries after fire, the median result in fire-managed occupied sites was zero. In a few years, abundance appeared synchronized across many sites, either low (1993, 1997) or high (1994-1995). It is only through a constant focus on avoiding the worst-case scenario that the rare best-case scenario of long-term population persistence appears possible for O. poweshiek.