Kinetic mechanism of molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air-fuel plasmas

This work describes the kinetic mechanism of coupled molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air, H 2 –air and hydrocarbon–air plasmas sustained by nanosecond pulse discharges (single-pulse or repetitive pulse burst). The model incorporates electron impact processes, state-specific N 2 vibrational energy transfer, reactions of excited electronic species of N 2 , O 2 , N and O, and ‘conventional’ chemical reactions (Konnov mechanism). Effects of diffusion and conduction heat transfer, energy coupled to the cathode layer and gasdynamic compression/expansion are incorporated as quasi-zero-dimensional corrections. The model is exercised using a combination of freeware (Bolsig+) and commercial software (ChemKin-Pro). The model predictions are validated using time-resolved measurements of temperature and N 2 vibrational level populations in nanosecond pulse discharges in air in plane-to-plane and sphere-to-sphere geometry; temperature and OH number density after nanosecond pulse burst discharges in lean H 2 –air, CH 4 –air and C 2 H 4 –air mixtures; and temperature after the nanosecond pulse discharge burst during plasma-assisted ignition of lean H 2 -mixtures, showing good agreement with the data. The model predictions for OH number density in lean C 3 H 8 –air mixtures differ from the experimental results, over-predicting its absolute value and failing to predict transient OH rise and decay after the discharge burst. The agreement with the data for C 3 H 8 –air is improved considerably if a different conventional hydrocarbon chemistry reaction set (LLNL methane– n -butane flame mechanism) is used. The results of mechanism validation demonstrate its applicability for analysis of plasma chemical oxidation and ignition of low-temperature H 2 –air, CH 4 –air and C 2 H 4 –air mixtures using nanosecond pulse discharges. Kinetic modelling of low-temperature plasma excited propane–air mixtures demonstrates the need for development of a more accurate ‘conventional’ chemistry mechanism.

Food-Deprivation Induced Arousal: Evidence against “Behavioral Inhibition” in Electrocortical Hypersynchrony

Hypersynchronous activity was recorded from the visual cortex of the rat in the form of photically evoked after-discharges following 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr. of food deprivation. After-discharge activity was affected at only the 48-hr. level of deprivation and only in terms of a decrease in the frequency of occurrence. All other measures—after-discharge burst duration, after-discharge spindle amplitudes, and spindle waves per after-discharge burst—were unaffected by conditions of food deprivation. These results are discussed in terms of evidence against the uniform role of behavioral inhibition in hypersynchronous brain activity.