HFLBSC: Heuristic and Fuzzy based Load Balanced, Scalable Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

In spite of the severe limitations on the resources of the sensor nodes such as memory, computational power, transmission range and battery, the application areas of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasing day by day. The main challenge in WSNs is energy consumption. It becomes significant when a large number of nodes are deployed. Although clustering is one of the solutions to cater to this problem, but it suffers from severe energy consumption due to the non-uniform selection of CHs and frequent re-clustering. In this paper, we propose a heuristic and fuzzy based load balanced, scalable clustering algorithm for WSNs called HFLBSC. In this algorithm, we have segregated the network into a layered structure using the area under intersection over union curve. We have selected the CHs by considering residual energy and distance threshold. We have stalled the frequent re-clustering by utilizing the decision made with the help of fuzzy logic. Our proposed scheme is capable enough to elongate the network lifetime. Statistical analysis and simulation results confirm the superiority of proposed work in comparison to its competitor protocol.

Europe of the Future and the Future of Europe: The Innovation/Austerity Choice

Although innovation policy usually follows the business cycle, it is both desirable and possible to reverse this trend. Perhaps the most telling commentary on contemporary Europe is the silence that met the presentation, at the recent European Parliament Innovation Conference, of the Chinese R&D spending curve passing the European Union curve in 2013. This intersection is a symptom of a deeper divergence in response to economic downturn between societies committed to innovation and those committed to austerity. One response to downturn is to double down on fiscal stimulus to increase spending in the short term and to create jobs, exemplified by the early Obama Administration's relatively modest stimulus package. Another response is to pull back, decrease government spending or, at best, hold it constant, as in the UK. The optimal response, as exemplified by China's continuing infusion of resources into higher education and advanced technology development, is for government to pursue fiscal expansion targeted at innovation, providing short-term economic stimulus while accelerating the transformation from a manufacturing-based economy to a knowledge-based economy.

Union Curves in a Subspace Vn of a Riemannian Vm

A union curve on a surface in a euclidean 3-space, relative to a given congruence is characterized by the property that its osculating plane at each point contains the ray of the congruence through that point. Springer (2) and Pan (1) have studied union curves in a hypersurface Vn of a Riemannian Vn+1. In the present paper we proceed to obtain the equations of union curves in a subspace Vn of a Riemannian Vm.

Union Curves of a Hypersurface

1. Introduction. A curve on an ordinary surface is a union curve if its osculating plane at each point contains the line of a specified rectilinear congruence through the point. The author has obtained the differential equations of union curves on a metric surface in ordinary space and has exhibited certain generalizations for union curves of known results concerning geodesic curves on a surface. It is the purpose of the present paper to develop the differential equations of the union curves of a hypersurface Vn immersed in a Riemannian manifold Vn+1 of n + 1 dimensions. The osculating plane to a curve on a surface is generalized to a totally geodesic surface the straight lines of which are geodesies in the space Vn+1. A formula is given for the union curvature vector of a curve in Vn.